影响罗兰C系统定位定时精度因素的实测分析

以罗兰C覆盖范围内典型区域实测得到的数据为基础,结合罗兰C定位、定时工作原理,通过理论分析和统计计算,量化了相同条件下同一点GPS与罗兰C接收设备、不同种类罗兰C接收设备之间的定时定位差异,剖析归纳出制约罗兰C定时精度提高的主要因素,并提出了解决问题的意见、建议,为有效提升我国罗兰C系统的定时定位精度提供参考与支撑。     

安徽北淮阳复向斜形成时间及其构造意义

本文运用盆-山耦合的研究方法,探讨了北淮阳复向斜的形成。石炭纪以后、晚三叠世以前,华北南部的淮南地区和北淮阳地区的沉积特征和构造特征是可以对比的。北淮阳构造带叠加复式向斜和淮南复向斜及“徐宿弧”具有相似的褶皱构造形态、轴迹展布方向和矿物拉伸线理方向,并在统一的应力体制下产生,系北西西向左行走滑作用的强制性褶皱。据此,间接地确定了北淮阳复向斜的形成时间为中—晚三叠世。大别地块的隆升可能是大陆折返过程中“构造挤出”的结果,导致不同类型和不同等级变质岩共存在一起,形成构造加积杂岩。     

基于洪涝情景模拟的城市公共服务灾害应急响应空间可达性评价——以医疗急救为例

在气候变化和城市化背景下,日益频发的洪涝灾害业已成为当前中国城市面临的重大挑战,也是城市灾害管理和应急响应研究的热点问题之一。本文旨在构建一套适用于城市尺度的洪涝灾害应急响应能力评估范式,以上海市外环以内中心城区为研究区,采用洪涝数值模拟与GIS网络分析相结合的研究方法,评估了当前以及未来正常条件和不同重现期洪涝情景下,城市关键公共服务部门（120急救）应急响应的空间可达性。结果显示：洪涝淹没强度（范围和水深）、道路交通状况（车流速度）以及应急服务机构的数量和位置共同决定了城市洪涝灾害医疗急救的服务范围及响应时间;由于上海市中心城区洪涝影响范围主要分布在黄浦江两岸2~3 km以内区域,因此洪涝对整个中心城区应急医疗服务的影响有限,主要是位于滨江地区部分医院的应急响应范围较正常状态下明显减少,120急救车辆无法或延迟达到部分救援点。研究表明基于洪涝情景模拟的城市公共服务应急响应空间可达性定量化评估方法,具有重要的科学价值和实践意义,可为中国城市洪涝灾害应急管理提供决策依据。     

Nonstationarity and clustering of flood characteristics and relations with the climate indices in the Poyang Lake basin,China

The magnitude, occurrence rate and occurrence timing of floods in the Poyang Lake basin were analysed. The flood series were acquired by annual and seasonal maximum flow (AMF) sampling and peaks-over-threshold (POT) sampling. Nonstationarity and uncertainty were analysed using kernel density estimation and the bootstrap resampling methods. Using the relationships between flood indices and climate indices, i.e. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the potential causes of flooding were investigated. The results indicate that (1) the magnitudes of annual and seasonal AMF- and POT-based sampled floods generally exhibit an increasing tendency; (2) the highest occurrence rates of floods identified were during the 1990s, when the flood-affected crop area, flood-damaged crop area and crop failure area reached the highest levels; and (3) ENSO and IOD are the major climate indices that significantly correlate with the magnitude and frequency of floods of the following year.

EDITOR A. Castellarin ASSOCIATE EDITOR T. Kjeldsen     

NMR技术评价油田高温堵剂调剖效果

开采稠油的主要方式是注蒸汽，其中包括蒸汽驱和蒸汽吞吐，随着蒸汽吞吐的次数增加，稠油的采出量依次递减。由于油层的非均质性严重，蒸汽首先进入高渗层，高渗透地层的稠油首先被采出，低渗透率地层采出很少，之后的蒸汽都进入高渗低层，即产生汽窜，所谓的低效蒸汽，蒸汽冷凝后形成热水，受到重力作用进入底部油层，降低了蒸汽的利用率；同时，由于蒸汽的重力履和沿高渗透地层窜流，使蒸汽在地层中的波及系数降低。为了克服蒸汽驱中的问题，国内外学者进行了大量的研究。通过注入一种流体－调剖剂，由于它的高粘度高渗透层后，将减少高渗通道的渗透率，消除“汽窜”，封堵高渗透地层，提高中低渗透油层的动用程度，提高原油产量和采收率。本文利用核磁共振成像（NMR）无损检测技术，对蒸汽驱SAD－□型高温调剖剂进行岩心动态评价实验，考察该调剖剂的热稳定性以及堵剂的封堵效果。     

末次冰期以来长江三角洲的沉积特征和环境演化

通过对长江三角洲泰州地区TZK3钻孔沉积物沉积特征、微体古生物的综合分析,结合系统的高分辨率AMS ¹⁴C、OSL测年,讨论了该地区末次冰期以来沉积环境的演变过程。结果显示,TZK3孔自下而上可分为6个沉积单元：1）MIS 4,砂砾层,不含有孔虫,为河床相;2）MIS 3,粉砂,含有贝壳碎片、小海贝、海相腹足类口盖,为河口相;3）MIS 2,含粘土粉砂,含少量介形虫,为河漫滩相;4）12.1~10.5cal.ka B.P.,粉砂,未见有孔虫,为河床相;5）10.5~6.9 cal.ka B.P.,粉砂,零星见个体非常小的有孔虫,潮汐层理发育,为受潮汐影响的河漫滩;6）6.9~4.3 cal.ka B.P.,粉砂,含有大量有孔虫,为河口砂质沉积。对比研究发现,全新世长江三角洲的最大海泛面时期为6.9 cal.ka B.P.,黄桥砂坝发育的年龄区间为7.6~4.3 cal.ka B.P.,为潮成砂坝,其发育主要受长江径流、河口潮汐流和亚洲季风的影响。

     

Simulation and statistical modelling approaches to investigate hydrologic regime transformations following Eastern hemlock decline

Ecohydrological processes occurring at or near the Earth's surface are strongly influenced by Eastern hemlock [EH; Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière], a foundation tree species of eastern North American forests. EH populations are currently threatened by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand). HWA HWA populations have been expanding rapidly throughout the EH's range. Catchment-scale research examining the hydrological consequences of HWA infestation is lacking, and plot-scale studies remain conflicted in their findings. Given the complex relationships between canopy interception, unsaturated and saturated groundwater storage, and root water uptake, it is not immediately clear how EH loss will affect the hydrologic cycle. We investigated the impact of EH mortality on stream discharge characteristics across a regional sample of catchments utilizing both simulation and statistical modelling approaches. We first examined the relationship between various catchment characteristics, including EH health, and three hydrological variables through regression analysis. We then employed a non-parametric statistical test to evaluate differences in hydrologic regime trends between non-infested and infested catchments. Finally, we calibrated a physically based hydrologic model and considered differences in optimal model parameter values and simulated overland runoff between non-infested and infested catchments. HWA presence modified several ecohydrological characteristics and precipitation partitioning between groundwater flows and surface runoff, potentially driving higher stream flashiness and overland flow, lower baseflow contributions and catchment storage, shorter flow-path lengths, and variable source area dilation at infested sites. Our results suggest that EH decline will augment flooding potential associated with the increasing frequency and intensity of Atlantic Basin tropical cyclone events. Further, our physically based simulation provides more determinate results than regression analysis, indicating that a purely statistical methodology, commonly utilized in studying the relationship between landcover characteristics and hydrologic regime, neglects dynamic physical ecohydrologic relationships.     

一种预测聚合物驱开发动态的模型

在分析聚合物驱与水驱驱替机理差异的基础上,对水驱预测的经验公式进行改进,建立了适用于聚合物驱的预测模型。预测模型可考虑聚合物溶液黏度、注入PV数及最大残余阻力系数等参数对聚合物驱效果的影响。预测模型预测大庆喇南和喇北东块的聚合物驱含水率曲线与实际含水动态吻合,预测提高采收率误差小于8%,结果可靠。预测模型所需参数简单、计算简便,可用于聚合物驱动态预测、效果评价及潜力分析。     

Spiral and staircase inclusion trail axes within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts from schists of the Bolton Syncline, Connecticut: timing of porphyroblast growth and the effects of fold development

In the Littleton Formation, garnet porphyroblasts preserve three generations of growth that occurred before formation of the Bolton Syncline. Inclusion trails of foliations overgrown by these porphyroblasts are always truncated by the matrix foliation suggesting that garnet growth predated the matrix foliation. In contrast, many staurolite porphyroblasts grew synchronously with formation of the Bolton Syncline. However, local rim overgrowths of the matrix foliation suggest that some staurolite porphyroblasts continued to grow after development of the fold during younger crenulation producing deformations. The axes of curvature or intersection of foliations defined by inclusion trails inside the garnet porphyroblasts lie oblique to the axial plane of the Bolton Syncline but do not change orientation across it. This suggests the garnets were not rotated during the subsequent deformation associated with fold development or during even younger crenulation events. Three samples also contain a different set of axes defined by curvature of inclusion trails in the cores of garnet porphyroblasts suggesting a protracted history of garnet growth. Foliation intersection axes in staurolite porphyroblasts are consistently orientated close to the trend of the axial plane of the Bolton Syncline on both limbs of the fold. In contrast, axes defined by curvature or intersection of foliations in the rims of staurolite porphyroblasts in two samples exhibit a different trend. This phase of staurolite growth is associated with a crenulation producing deformation that postdated formation of the Bolton Syncline. Measurement of foliation intersection axes defined by inclusion trails in both garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts has enabled the timing of growth relative to one another and to the development of the Bolton Syncline to be distinguished in rocks where other approaches have not been successful. Consistent orientation of foliation intersection axes across a range of younger structures suggests that the porphyroblasts did not rotate relative to geographical coordinates during subsequent ductile deformation. Foliation intersection axes in porphyroblasts are thus useful for correlating phases of porphyroblastic growth in this region.