复合点坝侧积周期的成因分析:以密西西比河下游段为例*

复合点坝侧积体定量成因分析是河流沉积学研究的难点之一。通过选取密西西比河下游段激光雷达数据,剖析复合点坝侧积体的内部特征,统计侧积体高程数据,发现其符合周期变化的特点。对高程数据进行傅里叶变换计算,得到复合点坝侧积周期,将侧积周期与河道规模进行拟合,两者符合线性关系,拟合度高。深入分析后,认为侧积周期受河流的季节性洪泛周期控制。研究结论为侧积体定量成因分析提供了理论依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠纪最大湖泛期沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征及其物源意义

上三叠统延长组长7沉积时期为鄂尔多斯盆地的最大湖泛期,对陇东地区及盆地周缘古陆的岩石样品进行稀土元素地球化学分析,发现研究区泥岩样品特征与大陆上地壳一致,其稀土元素配分模式与盆地北—东北缘阴山大青山、西南缘陇西古陆、西北缘阿拉善古陆和南缘秦岭的古老岩浆岩和变质岩的稀土元素配分模式基本一致,与东缘吕梁山古老花岗岩则极度不同。研究认为,研究区沉积物源岩主要来自于上地壳,以长英质岩石为主,长7时期周缘古陆均为湖盆提供物源,而吕梁山当时并未隆起,不提供物源。     

砂岩储层自生伊利石40Ar-39Ar定年技术及油气成藏年龄探讨

油气成藏年龄是石油地质学和同位素年代学共同面临的科学难题之一。本文探讨砂岩储层自生伊利石40Ar-39Ar阶段加热技术获得油气成藏年龄的可能性。样品采自南海珠江口盆地第三纪珠海组砂岩储层,采用冷冻加热循环技术缓慢碎裂样品,以减少碎屑长石混入量。释出气体首先经过专门研制的纯化装置,有效地除弃有机杂质气体,然后经过2个NP10Zr/Al泵进一步纯化。06ZJ26I伊利石40Ar-39Ar激光阶段加热分析获得了阶梯状上升的年龄谱。开始3个最低激光能量阶段加权平均年龄(12.1±2.2)Ma(2σ)解释为自生伊利石的最小年龄,可能代表了油气成藏的最大年龄;而较高激光能量阶段坪年龄(98.0±0.9)Ma则代表了砂岩中陆源碎屑长石的年龄。与传统K-Ar法相比,40Ar-39Ar法可以揭示伊利石样品更多的年代学信息。     

渤海湾西岸风暴潮:叠加地质因素的新探讨

通过对渤海湾西岸1895年以来11次风暴潮高水位的厘定,证实并确定了50年、100年、200年直至10000年一遇的风暴潮高水位值。定量评估了风增水与波浪对风暴潮高水位的贡献。进一步从地学角度讨论了21世纪10年间隔的海面上升量、地面下沉与围海造陆共同作用、海面上升引发的净增水效应及河口增水效应。根据上述各类参数,预测了至2050年的10年间隔、50~10000年不同重现期的极端水位,并讨论了地面下沉对风暴潮测量准确性的影响。认为当前的防潮堤(海垱)高度可抵御50~100年一遇的风暴潮的侵袭,但据所讨论的综合因素的影响,建议2020年防潮堤的高度应达到+4.8m,2030年达到+5.1m(85高程)。     

辽河双台子构造带沙三段主要的沉积相类型与成因分析

沉积相研究是油气勘探、储层质量评价、盆地构造演化的基础和有力手段.本文从双台子构造带沙三段岩芯观察和描述出发,介绍了沉积物的颜色,识别了冲刷面、递变层理、块状层理、准同生变形构造等多种沉积构造,建立了砾岩相、砂岩相和泥岩相等3大类12小类的岩相组合、总结了正递变,反递变、正-反递变和非递变等4种相序.在此基础上,指出双...     

Improved understanding of spatio‐temporal controls on regional scale groundwater flooding using hydrograph analysis and impulse response functions

Controls on the spatio‐temporal extent of groundwater flooding are poorly understood, despite the long duration of groundwater flood events and distinct social and economic impacts. We developed a novel approach using statistical analysis of groundwater level hydrographs and impulse response functions (IRFs) and applied it to the 2013/2014 Chalk groundwater flooding in the English Lowlands. We proposed a standardized index of groundwater flooding which we calculated for monthly groundwater levels for 26 boreholes in the Chalk. We grouped these standardized series using k‐means cluster analysis and cross‐correlated the cluster centroids with the Standardized Precipitation Index accumulated over time intervals between 1 and 60 months. This analysis reveals 2 spatially coherent groups of standardized hydrographs that responded to precipitation over different timescales. We estimated IRF models of the groundwater level response to effective precipitation for 3 boreholes in each group. The IRF models corroborate the Standardized Precipitation Index analysis showing different response functions between the groups. We applied identical effective precipitation inputs to each of the IRF models and observed differences between the hydrographs from each group. It is suggested this is due to the hydrogeological properties of the Chalk and of overlying relatively low permeability superficial deposits (recent unconsolidated sediments overlying the bedrock, such as clays and tills), which are extensive over 1 of the groups. The overarching controls on groundwater flood response are concluded to be a complex combination of antecedent conditions, rainfall, and catchment hydrogeological properties. These controls should be taken into consideration when anticipating and managing future groundwater flood events. The approach presented is generic and parsimonious and can be easily applied where sufficient groundwater level and rainfall data are available.     

δ18O and yttrium zoning in garnet: time markers for fluid flow?

The relative timing of two discrete pulses of metamorphic fluid flow is constrained based on chemical zoning in several garnet crystals from Kvaløya, Troms, northern Norway. The garnet crystals measured 1–2 cm in diameter and were contained within c. 1.6 Ga, staurolite grade metasediments. Major element zoning indicates that garnet grew under normal prograde conditions in the garnet and/or staurolite zones. Timing constraints are based on comparisons between major and trace element chemical zoning, oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) zoning and deformational (inclusion trail) zoning in one of the garnet. We interpret at least two pulses of metamorphic fluid flow. The first pulse occurred during the syn‐tectonic growth interval. The δ¹⁸O zoning was reversed relative to ‘normal’ prograde zoning and the δ¹⁸O maximum was located within the syn‐tectonic growth zone, displaced 3–4 mm from the garnet core. The fluid might have been sourced in neighbouring calcareous pelites and may also have caused formation of an Y ring. The second (and subsequent) pulse(s) occurred during/after the post‐tectonic growth interval. δ¹⁸O was locally increased at the garnet rim, particularly where the rim was sheared. The incomplete rim was also enriched in calcium. Transport of oxygen and calcium by metamorphic fluids is well documented. Transport of Y is both problematic and poorly understood, but might have been facilitated by complexing with F and/or CO₂.     

蒙脱石,高岭石与碱性驱替剂作用时矿物间的协同效应研究

在７５℃下系统地研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、以及蒙脱石和高岭石的复配矿物与７＃碱性驱替剂（ρＮａ２ＣＯ３＝１５ｇ·Ｌ－１）间的作用,采用分光光度法对反应后反应液中的硅铝元素质量密度进行了测定,并对两种矿物单独存在时的结果和共存时的进行了比较,结果表明因为蒙脱石在碱性驱替剂中容易析出硅元素,而高岭石在碱性驱替剂中容易析出铝元素,当二者共存时会相互抑制。并且,蒙脱石的存在会对高岭石析出铝元素产生很大的抑制作用,而高岭石的存在对蒙脱石析出硅元素的抑制作用较小,证明蒙脱石更容易与碱液反应而对整个反应起到控制作用。协同效应研究还表明,蒙脱石的作用与其质量不成比例,当加入很少的蒙脱石也会控制整个反应。这些研究对化学驱中化学剂损耗预测模型的建立具有重大的意义。     

Computer-based Model for Flood Evacuation Emergency Planning

A computerized simulation model for capturing human behavior during flood emergency evacuation is developed using a system dynamics approach. It simulates the acceptance of evacuation orders by the residents of the area under threat; number of families in the process of evacuation; and time required for all evacuees to reach safety. The model is conceptualized around the flooding conditions (physical and management) and the main set of social and mental factors that determine human behavior before and during the flood evacuation. The number of families under the flood threat, population in the process of evacuation, inundation of refuge routes, flood conditions (precipitation, river elevation, etc.), and different flood warnings and evacuation orders related variables are among the large set of variables included in the model. They are linked to the concern that leads to the danger recognition, which triggers evacuation decisions that determine the number of people being evacuated. The main purpose of the model is to assess the effectiveness of different flood emergency management procedures. Each procedure consists of the choice of flood warning method, warning consistency, timing of evacuation order, coherence of the community, upstream flooding conditions, and set of weights assigned to different warning distribution methods. Model use and effectiveness are tested through the evaluation of the effectiveness of different flood evacuation emergency options in the Red River Basin, Canada.