Numerical investigation of wave propagation in the Liverpool Bay, NW England

The computer model for near shore wave propagation,SWAN,was used to study wave climates in Liverpool Bay,northwest England with various input parameters,including bottom friction factor,white capping,wind drag formulation and effects of tidal modulations.Results were compared with in-situ measurements and reveal the impacts from these inputs on the predictions of wave height and propagation distributions.In particular,the model results were found very sensitive to different input formulations,and tend to underestimate the wave parameters under storm conditions in comparison with the observations.It is therefore important to further validate the model against detailed field measurements,particularly under large storms that are often of the primary concern.     

弱凝胶体系地层流体转向技术在海上稠油油田的应用

稠油油田注水开发过程中,受不利流度比和非均质性的影响,注入水沿高渗层突进,造成油井暴性水淹,严重影响水驱开发效果。针对海上稠油油田的开发特点和存在问题,对弱凝胶体系的适用性进行了分析,对影响凝胶体系调驱的关键参数进行了优化。结果表明,原油黏度影响弱凝胶调驱效果,随着黏度的增大调驱效果有变差趋势。在含水率40％以后,注入时机越晚,调驱效果越差。注入量越大,调驱效果越好,在实际生产过程中考虑注入能力和经济因素应采取合理的注入量。先导性弱凝胶试验的成功,为海上稠油油田的稳油控水工作指明了方向。     

2018年长江上游严重洪涝的气象水文特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及常规气象水文实况观测资料,分析了2018年6—7月长江上游严重洪涝期间的气象水文特征,结果表明：2018年长江上游洪涝期间发生了三次强降水过程,降水落区在长江上游北部地区高度重叠,引发了严重的洪涝灾害。大尺度的环流形势分析表明,中高纬低槽、副热带高压、鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压、乌拉尔山阻塞高压均较历史同期异常偏强,副热带高压的南北摆幅较大,当副热带高压每次北跳后,都会与槽后冷空气在长江上游遭遇,形成一次强降水过程。大尺度环流的“鞍”型场配置有利于孟加拉湾及南海的水汽输送到长江上游地区,并在该地区与中纬度西风带水汽辐合形成强降水。历史对比结果表明：2018年长江上游的降水具有面上强度大、北部支流降水极端性强、降水时间集中的特点。2018年长江上游北部的沱江、涪江、嘉陵江等流域在水位和超警戒时间上均高于2012年。2018年长江上游总的降水量及洪峰流量虽未超过2012年,但在长江上游北部的沱江、涪江、嘉陵江引发的洪涝灾害可超过2012年。     

老化产品计时器制作的几种设计、研制方案

利用Ｚ－８０实时时钟制作老化产品的计时器，具体通过Ｚ－８０ＴＰ８０１单板机控制来实现，使老化产品时间更加准确。除了计时、分、秒外，还可以计天（日），计时的时间可在显示器上直接观察，使人们了解老化产品时间是否已到，从而增加老化产品时间的精确性。     

Determination and integration of appropriate spatial scales for river basin modelling

Appropriate spatial scales of dominant variables are determined and integrated into an appropriate model scale. This is done in the context of the impact of climate change on flooding in the River Meuse in Western Europe. The objective is achieved by using observed elevation, soil type, land use type and daily precipitation data from several sources and employing different relationships between scales, variable statistics and outputs. The appropriate spatial scale of a key variable is assumed to be equal to a fraction of the spatial correlation length of that variable. This fraction was determined on the basis of relationships between statistics and scale and an accepted error in the estimation of the statistic of 10%. This procedure resulted in an appropriate spatial scale for precipitation of about 20 km in an earlier study. The application to river basin variables revealed appropriate spatial scales for elevation, soil and land use of respectively 0·1, 5·3 and 3·3 km. The appropriate model scale is determined by multiplying the appropriate variable scales with their associated weights. The weights are based on SCS curve number method relationships between the peak discharge and some specific parameters like slope and curve number. The values of these parameters are dependent on the scale of each key variable. The resulting appropriate model scale is about 10 km, implying 225–250 model cells in an appropriate model of the Meuse basin meant to assess the impact of climate change on river flooding. The usefulness of the appropriateness procedure is in its ability to assess the appropriate scales of the individual key variables before model construction and integrate them in a balanced way into an appropriate model scale. Another use of the procedure is that it provides a framework for decisions about the reduction or expansion of data networks and needs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What is a successful environmental geochemical study?

A successful piece of applied research will not only influence the related problem perception within the scientific community, but also lead to much better understanding of a complex challenge, including the delivery of solutions. Ideally it may contribute significantly to reducing possible risk situations for people and/or the natural environment. In short, a successful study will have a broader impact beyond the sphere of science. Planning, timing, funding, networking, communication, and interdisciplinarity are identified as key aspects for a successful project and are being examined in their scope and boundary conditions, while not neglecting the particular role of local and regional people and authorities.Defining what makes a successful environmental geochemical study is clearly based upon experience and evidence found, and not upon any particular theoretical concept. Here, experience is drawn from the outcome of many projects and specifically first-hand from the complex ARSENEX project in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Against the backdrop of both perceived and real arsenic contamination of environmental compartments, including local people, all subsequent project steps and proposals were set up using a three-prong approach that sought to a) understand the processes, b) educate and inform the public and all other stakeholders and c) remediate the situation.     

Regionalization of heavy rainfall to improve climatic design values for infrastructure: case study in Southern Ontario,Canada

Abstract

Southern Ontario, Canada, has been impacted in recent years by many heavy rainfall and flooding events that have exceeded existing historical estimates of infrastructure design rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) values. These recent events and the limited number of short-duration recording raingauges have prompted the need to research the climatology of heavy rainfall events within the study area, review the existing design IDF methodologies, and evaluate alternative approaches to traditional point-based heavy rainfall IDF curves, such as regional IDF design values. The use of additional data and the regional frequency analysis methodology were explored for the study area, with the objective of validating identified clusters or homogeneous regions of extreme rainfall amounts through Ward's method. As the results illustrate, nine homogeneous regions were identified in Southern Ontario using the annual maximum series (AMS) for daily and 24-h rainfall data from climate and rate-of-rainfall or tipping bucket raingauge (TBRG) stations, respectively. In most cases, the generalized extreme value and logistic distributions were identified as the statistical distributions that provide the best fit for the 24-h and sub-daily rainfall data in the study area. A connection was observed between extreme rainfall variability, temporal scale of heavy rainfall events and location of each homogeneous region. Moreover, the analysis indicated that scaling factors cannot be used reliably to estimate sub-daily and sub-hourly values from 24- and 1-h data in Southern Ontario.

Citation Paixao, E., Auld, H., Mirza, M.M.Q., Klaassen, J. & Shephard, M.W. (2011) Regionalization of heavy rainfall to improve climatic design values for infrastructure: case study in Southern Ontario, Canada. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(7), 1067–1089.     

An Attempt to Date the Salt-mounds in the Lop Nor Playa

正1 Introduction The Lop Nor playa,located in the eastern end of the Tarim Basin,capped with a thick salt crust covering an area of approximately 5,500 km2(Ma 2007)that closely resembles a"Great Ear"in satellite images.Understanding the formation of the salt crust can provide important     

Urban flood hazard mapping using change detection on wetness transformed images

ABSTRACT

The present study demonstrates the use of a new approach for delineating the accurate flood hazard footprint in the urban regions. The methodology involves transformation of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to a three-dimensional feature space, i.e. brightness, wetness and greenness, then a change detection technique is used to identify the areas affected by the flood. Efficient thresholding of the normalized difference image generated during change detection has shown promising results in identifying the flood extents which include standing water due to flood, sediment-laden water and wetness caused by the flood. Prior to wetness transformations, dark object subtraction has been used in lower wavelengths to avoid errors due to scattering in urban areas. The study shows promising results in eliminating most of the problems associated with urban flooding, such as misclassification due to presence of asphalt, scattering in lower wavelengths and delineating mud surges. The present methodology was tested on the 2010 Memphis flood event and validated on Queensland floods in 2011. The comparative analysis was carried out with the widely-used technique of delineating flood extents using thresholding of near infrared imagery. The comparison demonstrated that the present approach is more robust towards the error of omission in flood mapping. Moreover, the present approach involves less manual effort and is simpler to use.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor A. Viglione     

聚驱后油藏剩余油分布数值模拟

通常聚合物驱的最终采收率在50%左右,聚合物驱后剩余油具有相当的开采潜力。以大庆长垣北部多段多韵律聚驱主力油藏为例,采用化学驱油藏数值模拟技术,系统研究并总结了典型油藏聚驱后平面及纵向剩余油的分布特征。结果表明,聚驱后油藏剩余油的分布系统可划分为2大成因、3大区域和7个部位。其中:存在受地质因素制约的剩余油,如废弃河道中部、砂体尖灭区、相对孤立的薄差砂体;也有开发因素控制的剩余油,如厚油层顶部剩余油、注采不完善部位、注入井间与生产井附近以及聚驱后高渗层内的残余油。聚合物驱后油藏剩余油主要富集于3大区域内,究其原因则主要源于水驱和后续聚驱波及程度的不同。