Beyond Modelling: Linking Models with GIS for Flood Risk Management

Spatially explicit hydrodynamic flood models can play animportant role in natural hazard risk reduction. A key element of these models that make them suitable for riskreduction is the ability to provide time-series inundation information about the onset, duration and passingof a hazard event. Such information can be critical for landuse planning, for mapping evacuation egress routes,and for locating suitable emergency shelters to name only a few risk treatments. This research contends that abarrier to effective risk reduction is providing disaster managers with access to model results in a structured andflexible framework that allows consequences of different hazard scenarios to be assessed and mapped. Toaddress these limitations, a framework has been developed that links a commercial relational databasemanagement system with a GIS-based decision support system. The framework utilises industry standard dataexchange protocols and results in efficient time-series hazard data management. A case study based in Cairns,in far-north coastal Australia is presented to illustrate how the system has been developed. Results show that theframework reduces data volumes significantly, while making pre-run modelled inundation results rapidly accessibleto disaster managers. Of note is the ability of the framework to present results in terms of risk to buildings,roads and other spatial features in urban regions, and to provide answers to relatively complex risk questions.     

Methodological challenges posed in studying an elite in the field

This paper engages with recent debates in geography and associated disciplines that are concerned with the wider analytic issues to be confronted in researching an elite. Drawing on a case study of the construction of a policy position on GMOs and the Environment in Ireland, the methodological challenges encountered researching up the hybrid elite central to this development are interrogated. In particular, emphasis is placed on the politics of time, which becomes central when a new sector is emerging, and meanings and definitions are being constructed.     

Effects of flooding on the amino acid and carbohydrate patterns of Phragmites australis

Changes in the contents and composition of dissolved amino acids and carbohydrates were monitored in different Phragmites australis stands in Germany. Four different reed clones planted in 1997 in a degraded fen area in NE-Germany were compared with respect to the seasonal development in the total amount of amino acids and sugars in the basal culm internodes. The individual Phragmites clones showed significant differences in the absolute content of both parameters indicating an influence of the genotype. Flooding affected the ratio of amino acids to carbohydrates within the reed clones. Plants grown in flooded parts of the fen area revealed a significantly higher total amino acid content together with a lower total content of carbohydrates.Furthermore, the effects of extreme flooding on the content and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates in the basal culm internodes of Phragmites australis were studied in nine reed stands with different degrees of damage on Lake Constance. Shoots from extremely damaged reed stands were characterised by a significant decrease in the total content of carbohydrates, an increase in the total content of amino acids and an increase in the share of γ-aminobutyric acid. These changes in the content and composition of carbohydrates and amino acids were discussed with respect to their value as stress indicators, such as for oxygen deprivation which causes a hypoxic metabolic state in Phragmites australis stands.     

Remote sensing of temporal and spatial variations in pool size, suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas: 1993

Four dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper data from 1993, April 9, July 30, August 15, and September 16, were used to assess temporal and spatial patterns of lake area and dimensions of suspended sediment concentration in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. In 1993, excessive precipitation in the Big Blue River Basin, and throughout much of the Upper Middle West, led to widespread flooding. Rains produced substantial erosion, sediment movement down the stream network, and a runoff volume that filled Tuttle Creek Reservoir, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood control structure. The April 9 data are from before the flood, the July 30 data are from the time of maximum pool size and use of the emergency spillway, and the August and September data document the declining pool sizes. Three separate analyses were performed on each of the four dates of Thematic Mapper data. One set of analyses involved applying an existing physical model that uses at-satellite reflectance for TM Band 3 to estimate variations in suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth throughout the reservoir. Maps of estimated parameters of water quality for the four individual dates were compared and analyzed to document spatial and temporal changes. The second research method involved unsupervised classification (ERDAS ISODATA algorithm) of the data from the Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Water areas were grouped into coherent classes for further spatial analysis using a two-step or layered classification procedure for each date. The third analysis used a GIS overlay technique to compare the area of the water surface for each of the four dates with the flood pool as marked on U.S.G.S. 7-1/2 minute quadrangles. Comparisons document the major change in lake area between April and July, the high levels of suspended sediment in mid-summer, and the decline in pool size and concentrations of suspended sediment by mid-September. The study illustrates the advantages of using remote sensing to assist in documenting a relatively short-term environmental hazard. This study also demonstrates the value of Landsat Thematic Mapper data for use in mapping geographic variations in water area and quality in conjunction with a major flood event.     

中下扬子二叠纪礁碳酸盐岩成岩作用,孔隙演化及油气评价

本文提出了中下扬子二叠纪礁碳酸盐岩主要作用类型有造礁作用，白云石化作用，胶结作用，溶解作用及裂隙作用，经历了海水，混合水，大气淡水及埋藏成岩环境，按下列序列演化，造礁作用－海水胶结作用－蒸发海水白云石化－淡水渗流带淋溶及潜流带胶结作用一混合水白云石化－浅埋Ｉ胶结，白云化及溶解作用（Ｔ１／Ｐ２）的多期交替－深埋藏胶结（含Ｊ３／Ｊ２古表生构造岩溶作用）一深埋藏溶解－深埋藏白云石化－浅埋藏ＩＩ及表生淋溶     

Research Progress in Cenozoic N-S Striking Rifts in Tibetan Plateau

The formation of the Cenozoic N-S striking rifts in the Tibetan Plateau is the consequence of continuous contraction after the India-Asia collision. Its formation and evolution are of great significance for understanding the growth of the Tibetan Plateau. In recent years, geochronology, structural geology, geochemistry and geophysical exploration have been used to study the onset timing, mechanism and evolution process of the N-S striking rifts, and the N-S striking rifts are related to the deep dynamics in Tibet. However, it is still difficult to reach a consensus on the understanding of the N-S striking rifts in the Tibetan Plateau. This paper summarized the research status and existing problems on the onset timing, mechanism and their relationship with the deep layer of the plateau: the main extension period of the N-S striking rifts is Miocene; mechanisms controlling its formation are complex and may be various in different periods; the N-S striking rifts have a close genetic relationship with potassium and ultrapotassic rocks in the plateau, and their distribution may be affected by high-conductivity and low-velocity bodies. Based on existing knowledge, more precise geochronological constraints, deep process detection, and numerical modeling will be the future development trends in the study of N-S striking rifts.     

May 2003 Disaster in Sri Lanka and Cyclone 01-B in the Bay of Bengal

Heavy rainfall deluged South-Western Sri Lanka between the 11th and19th of May 2003 and led to its worst disaster in 50 years. Floods andlandslides claimed 260 lives. The World Meteorological Organizationcited it as evidence for the increase of anomalous climatic extremes inrecent years. Here, a meteorological analysis is presented of this disasteras part of a sustained effort to undertake meteorological applications fordisaster management. There were intense low-level westerlies over SriLanka related to cyclone 01-B that made its way across the Bay of Bengalat least 700 km away. The southeastwardly traverse of the cyclone wasstalled for a few days by anomalous north-westerly geostrophic windsver South Asia. Here, it is argued that orographic rainfall induced bythis stalled cyclone and seasonal inter-tropical convergence zone cloudbands over Sri Lanka led to the deluge. The trajectory of the cyclone wasremote from Sri Lanka and this led to no cyclone hazard warnings beingissued. No cyclones have made landfall in Sri Lanka in May in the last100 years. This study shows that one must exercise vigilance not only inthe path of the cyclone but also remotely due to the modulation of thecyclone by other atmospheric phenomenon and topographic features.This flood may have been predicted with contemporary local area weatherprediction models and this example points to the need for the developmentof local area weather prediction models as part of disaster warning systems.This study also demonstrates the use of meteorological diagnostics forpost-event analysis of hydrometeorology of disaster events.     

太湖流域洪涝灾害评估模型

在地理信息系统支持下建立了太湖流域DEM模型,并建立了全流域12类共24种土地利用类型、2194个圩区、1012个乡镇和94个报汛站点的空间数据库及属性数据库。在此基础上,根据实时报汛资料,通过插值得到各乡汛期圩外水位和降雨量。圩区采用排涝计算圩内内涝水量再与DEM叠加,非圩区用乡最高水位与DEM叠加,可获得全流域淹没水深栅格数据。统计不同乡镇、不同土地类型、不同淹没水深的淹没面积,并根据当年的社会经济数据,建立了太湖流域洪涝灾害损失评估模型。对1999年太湖流域洪涝灾害评估结果表明,模型具有一定的精度,可为流域防洪减灾决策提供依据。     

一种含自生独居石富钾、富稀土的多硅白云母泥岩

1999年在《沉积学报》发表了“大连地区前寒武纪沉积岩中发现自生独居石及其意义”一文,此后又获得了国家自然科学基金的资助加以继续研究。含自生独居石的泥岩研究的新成果介绍如下 :①泥岩的特征化学成分 :K₂O11.94 %,Al₂ O₃ 16.4 7%,SiO₂ 6 1.91%;ΣREE 330.6 9μg/ g,Ce 130.80 μg/g;La(N) /Yb(N) 12.4 4,δEu 0.75,δCe1.17;②泥岩造岩矿物经电子探针能波和波谱分析和X-射线衍射曲线对比,认为是由伊利石转变成的多硅白云母,长期的成岩作用和中生代滑脱构造的压力促进了伊利石的转化;③自生独居石也经受了成岩作用及其后的影响,表现为矿物晶形包括 :散点状、单针状、晶簇状和连晶状等,大小由 1～ 6 0 μm;其晶形与产生自岩浆岩、变质岩和碎屑物中的短柱状单斜晶系独居石外形截然不同;由此得出结论认为该泥岩是一种罕见的特殊泥岩,富钾、富稀土元素和内部-外部环境创造了独居石的形成和生长条件。同时,本文强调在华北地台元古宙富稀土元素层位,有可能找到自生独居石并进而开展U、Th -Pb同位素地质测年研究;以及为华北地台北缘巨大稀土矿床矿源层探索提供依据     

盘石水库泄洪洞、导流洞岩体工程地质特性研究

盘石水库泄洪洞、导流洞所涉及的岩体为寒武系下统灰、页岩互层层状岩体。其中页岩对洞室的稳定起决定作用。本文采用多种方法对洞室围岩特别是页岩进行了研究。取岩块,挖平洞、竖井做实验,研究其强度和变形特征,观察有无软弱夹层对洞室稳定的影响,在此基础上进行基本质量级别分级。进而分析、归纳出影响洞室稳定的主要因素及洞室设计力学参数,对同类工程具有类比和借鉴的意义。