Aspiration and reality: flood policy, economic damages and the appraisal process

Research shows that flood damage potential has increased significantly in the last 15 years. At the same time, flood policy has shifted away from simplistic flood defence towards 'living with floods' and 'making space for water'. This paper explores the mis-match between the aspiration in policy ideals, the reality of rising potential economic damages and the inability of the flood risk appraisal process to match the aspiration with the reality. Unless investment appraisal procedures are changed, the increase in damages will undermine policy changes that seek a different pattern of flood risk management, away from economically dominated decision-criteria towards more sustainable objectives.     

Morphologies and emplacement mechanisms of the lava flows of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group,Faroe Islands,NE Atlantic Ocean

The Palaeogene Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) comprises three eruptive sequences or formations, all emplaced into a subaerial environment during the development of the extensive continental flood basalt province that stretches from East Greenland through the Faroe Islands and into the Faroe-Shetland Basin. The Beinisvørð Formation, having a tabular-classic facies architecture, is composed of a sequence of simple flows each comprising a single sheet lobe. The Beinisvørð Formation is overlain by the distinctly contrasting Malinstindur Formation that has a compound-braided facies architecture. The Enni Formation occurs at the top of the sequence and consists of a mixture of simple and compound flows with tabular-classic and compound-braided facies architectures, respectively. Surface and internal characteristics of the sheet lobes of the Beinisvørð and Enni formations indicate emplacement through inflation, which is more obvious for the tube-fed compound flows of the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The difference between the simple and compound flow sequences of the FIBG is, most likely, linked to the manner in which the lava was supplied during the eruption and the eruptive style of the volcanic system. The sheet lobes were erupted over laterally extensive areas from fissure systems which had a continuous supply of lava, which contrasts with the tube-fed compound flows which were erupted in a gradual, piecemeal manner from point-sourced, low shield volcanoes with limited areal extents.     

3S技术在黑龙江省防汛指挥系统中的应用

文章简要介绍了黑龙江省防汛指挥系统建设的目标 ,论述了 3S技术是该系统应用的关键技术 ,以及展现了 3S技术在该系统应用的发展趋势。     

大气环流变化对黑龙江省雨涝及全国雨型的影响

研究了黑龙江省7、8月雨涝发生时500hPa环流盛行定常行星波列，以及它们前期4－6月五流演变情况。并研究了雨涝发生全国多为A型雨型即北多南少；6月盛行B型雨型即黄河和华南多雨，又可分为一个副型为B1雨型即两江多雨型，长江、松花江流域多雨，其它少雨；5月和4月分别盛行C和D雨型，即黄河流域多南北少或长江以北多以南少。并指出河套与山西、河北北部多雨是造成黑龙江省雨涝的关键区。     

铁路水害信息管理系统

本文介绍了在VB中用OLE技术开发Mapinfo应用系统的基本方法，对铁路水害信息管理系统开发中碰到的问题和取得的经验进行了较详细的描述，对GIS系统数据的动态更新提出了独特的见解和解决方案，并就单机GIS系统平台开发广域网上的应用系统的经验进行了介绍。     

2000年我国天气气候特点

2000年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国大部地区降水偏少或接近常年，出现全国性干旱，特别是北方地区春夏季遭遇多年来罕见的特大干旱，汛期未发生大范围的暴雨洪涝灾害，秋季黄淮以南地区出现持续连阴雨天气，全国大部分气温接近常年成偏高，持续暖冬态势发生转折，夏季高温酷热，春季北方扬沙和沙尘暴天气异常频繁，登陆我国台风个数偏少，风雹等强对流天气明显偏少。     

铁路沿线灾害性天气监测、预测、预警系统

针对铁路三防（防风，防沙，防洪）的需要，结合大风监测系统建设的实际，对恶劣天气气候条件下，如何保障列车运行安全进行了探讨，并提出铁路沿线灾害性天气监测，预测，预警系统。     

广西主汛期降水量异常诊断分析

通过对广西主汛期降水量的分析 ,初步确定了异常偏多和异常偏少年 ,分析广西主汛期平均降水量与太平洋海温场和大气环流的关系 ,筛选影响广西降水量的海温和 5 0 0 h Pa位势高度场因子 ;建立降水异常的统计诊断模型及概念诊断预测模型。     

广西前汛期旱涝特征及成因分析

利用 EOF分解和 Z指数对广西前汛期 (4～ 6月 )降水进行型态分布及旱涝等级的划分 ,研究旱涝的空间分布、年际变化及年代际变化 ,并对旱涝成因进行了分析。结果表明 :广西前汛期降水的一致性较好 ;6 0年代和 90年代为旱涝多发年代 ,70年代以涝为主要特征 ,80年代以旱为主要特征。影响广西前汛期降水的环流因子主要有中高纬环流经向度、北半球极涡、印缅槽及副热带高压 ;中低纬太平洋海区对广西前汛期降水多少的影响亦较明显     

The 12–13 November 1999 flash flood in southern France

The flash flood that occurred on 12–13 November 1999 in meridional France is documented. This event caused 35 fatalities and severe damage to property as rainfall totals locally exceeded 550 mm in 24 h and 620 mm in 48 h.The main issue of the present study is to discuss how realistically the spatial and temporal rainfall distribution of this flash flood event can be represented with present state-of-the-art operational and research modeling frameworks. The predictability of the present event for different forecast ranges is investigated and sensitivity studies are conducted in order to discuss the influence of model physics (convection, microphysics), atmospheric moisture analysis and Mediterranean sea surface temperature forcing on the quality of the results. It is shown that the present event could be reasonably predicted on forecast ranges of 2–3 days as it was essentially determined by strong moisture advection from the Mediterranean coupled with frontal and orographical lifting. However, precipitation scores show significant sensitivity to both analysis errors and model physics.