中国中部平原村庄农业生产区位研究——以河南南阳黄庄为例

通过对河南南阳黄庄村农户和农业生产调查以及遥感数据分析,发现人口高密度地区的平原村庄,在耕作半径极小的情况下,存在以住宅和村庄为中心的带状农业区位。从村边向外,可分为蔬菜带、蔬菜粮食混作带和粮食带。相应地,作物的劳动密集度逐渐降低,村地块的蔬菜种植面积比例以及农户微地块单位面积的投入和收益随距村庄距离距离的增加而减少,距离对农户农业生产区位的选择具有重要影响。该结果验证了杜能环在耕作半径较小的中国中部农村的存在,但是造成这种空间分异的根本原因并不是物理交通费用的不同,而是作物劳动密集度和地块肥力的差异,基于一定技术条件下的劳动力耕作能力也有一定影响。     

辽中地区矿业城市生态系统脆弱性研究

辽中地区矿业城市是中国重要的能源生产和重工业基地,研究其生态系统脆弱性有助于改善该区域环境恶化、生态系统失调的状况,为其可持续发展提供决策依据。基于矿业城市复合生态系统内涵,建立了辽中地区矿业脆弱性评价指标体系,提出生态系统协调度,并设定了其脆弱性和协调性分级标准。结果表明:2005年,辽中地区矿业城市生态系统脆弱性处于亚稳定状态,主要限制因子为资源匹配指数、环境质量指数和经济发展指数;辽中地区矿业城市生态系统间处于亚协调状态,其中本溪略低于亚协调,处于低度失调状态。鞍山的资源匹配指数处于较失调状态,抚顺、本溪的资源匹配指数处于失调状态,抚顺、本溪的经济发展指数处于较失调状态,是限制整个生态系统协调发展的主要原因。该评价模型较真实的反映了辽中地区矿业城市生态系统脆弱性、协调性状况,并且提出了制约其发展主要限制因子。     

北京商务中心区大气环境的数值模拟

北京商务中心区(Central Business District,CBD)位于北京市中心的东部,距离故宫博物院约4.5km,占地约4km2,最高建筑物超过300m,建成后会导致局地大气环境改变。采用基于k-ε湍流闭合的城市冠层模式对CBD建成后的大气环境进行模拟,结果表明:主导风向西北风时的大气通风能力稍优于次主导风向西南风,空气动力学粗糙度约5.3m,零平面位移约110.0m;浅色建筑外观、屋顶绿化及高叶面指数植被有助于气温的降低,可缓解夏季热岛效应;交通高峰时段,主要道路尤其是交叉路口的NOx浓度超过国家二级标准。上述研究结果对优化CBD规划设计有重要参考价值。     

亚洲季风降水的多模式模拟结果分析

利用参加政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告(AR4)的多个大气模式(包括中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室新发展的全球格点大气模式GAMIL)的AMIP-II(大气模式比较计划-II)积分的集合平均结果(MMEA),研究了当前大气模式对亚洲季风降水的平均模拟能力,同时也评估了GAMIL的模拟水平。对多年平均冬夏季降水的模拟研究发现:MMEA和GAMIL对冬季降水的模拟好于夏季。与以往的结果相比,MMEA对夏季印度洋和西太平洋地区降水的模拟改进不明显;部分模式能够模拟出夏季东亚副热带地区从中国东海到中太平洋的带状梅雨降水,但大部分模式的模拟强度还不够。可以看出GAMIL除了冬季印度洋和夏季菲律宾模拟的降水稍弱外,与MMEA的结果很接近。降水场的误差与环流场的误差对应。此外,作者还研究了降水的年际变化和季风爆发撤退过程的模拟能力。MMEA与观测在印度季风区降水的相关系数不如在东亚热带和东亚副热带季风区的好。各模式冬季的相关系数一般好于夏季,特别是东亚热带季风区冬季的相关系数普遍较高,而印度季风区夏季的相关系数普遍较低。MMEA对标准差的模拟并不总比单个模式的好。各个模式对东亚热带季风区冬季的降水距平同号率和降水距平百分率模拟得最好。季风爆发、撤退时降水推移的模拟也还有待于进一步提高。     

THE EAST ASIAN SUBTROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ITS RELATION WITH THE CLIMATE ANOMALIES IN CHINA

A new East Asian subtropical summer monsoon circulation index is defined, where the barotropic and baroclinic components of circulation are included. Results show that this index can well indicate the interannual variability of summer precipitation and temperature anomalies in China. A strong monsoon is characterized by more rainfall in the Yellow River basin and northern China, less rainfall in the Yangtze River basin, and more rainfall in south and southeast China, in association with higher temperature in most areas of China. Furthermore, comparison is made between the index proposed in this paper and other monsoon indexes in representing climate anomalies in China.     

湘中锡矿山锑矿床成矿物质来源的同位素示踪

本文利用放射成因同位素（Pb、Sr)和轻稳定同位素（C、O）对锡矿山超大型锑矿床的成矿物质来源进行了示踪，从物源角度揭示了其在规模成矿、元素发生超常富集的原因。研究表明，锡矿山锑矿床的成矿物质不可能是来自赋矿围岩；深部地幔和基底都卷入了该矿的成矿作用；富Sb的交代型地幔和富Sb的元古界基底为其大规模成矿提供了充足的矿源，两者是形成锡成山超大型锑矿床的前提条件。     

The Cerro Morado Andesites: Volcanic history and eruptive styles of a mafic volcanic field from northern Puna, Argentina

The Upper Miocene Cerro Morado Andesites constitutes a mafic volcanic field (100 km²) composed of andesite to basaltic andesite rocks that crop out 75 km to the east from the current arc, in the northern Puna of Argentina. The volcanic field comprises lavas and scoria cones resulting from three different eruptive phases developed without long interruptions between each other. Lavas and pyroclastic rocks are thought to be sourced from the same vents, located where orogen-parallel north-south faults crosscut transverse structures.The first eruptive phase involved the effusion of extensive andesitic flows, and minor Hawaiian-style fountaining which formed subordinate clastogenic lavas. The second phase represents the eruption of slightly less evolved andesite lavas and pyroclastic deposits, only distributed to the north and central sectors of the volcanic field. The third phase represents the discharge of basaltic andesite magmas which occurred as both pyroclastic eruptions and lava effusion from scattered vents distributed throughout the entire volcanic field. The interpreted facies model for scoria cones fits well with products of typical Strombolian-type activity, with minor fountaining episodes to the final stages of eruptions.Petrographic and chemical features suggest that the andesitic units (SiO₂ > 57%) evolved by crystal fractionation. In contrast, characteristics of basaltic andesite rocks are inconsistent with residence in upper-crustal chambers, suggesting that batches of magmas with different origins or evolutive histories arrived at the surface and erupted coevally.Based on the eruptive styles and lack of volcanic quiescence gaps between eruptions, the Cerro Morado Andesites can be classified as a mafic volcanic field constructed from the concurrent activity of several small, probably short-lived, monogenetic centers.     

Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidences for provenance of the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran

Petrography and geochemistry (major, trace and rare earth elements) of clastic rocks from the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, in the Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran, have been investigated to understand their provenance. Petrographical analysis suggests that the Lalun conglomerates are dominantly with chert clasts derived from a proximal source, probably chert bearing Precambrian Formations. Similarly, purple sandstones are classified as litharenite (chertarenite) and white sandstones as quartzarenite types. The detrital modes of purple and white sandstones indicate that they were derived from recycled orogen (uplifted shoulders of rift) and stable cratonic source. Most major and trace element contents of purple sandstones are generally similar to upper continental crust (UCC) values. However, white sandstones are depleted in major and trace elements (except SiO₂, Zr and Co) relative to UCC, which is mainly due to the presence of quartz and absence of other Al-bearing minerals. Shale samples have considerably lower content in most of the major and trace elements concentration than purple sandstones, which is possibly due to intense weathering and recycling. Modal composition (e.g., quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments) and geochemical indices (Th/Sc, La/Sc, Co/Th, Cr/Th, Cr/V and V/Ni ratios) of sandstones, and shales (La/Sc and La/Cr ratios) indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks and deposited in a passive continental margin. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the studied samples are characterized by LREE enrichment, negative Eu anomaly and flat HREE similar to an old upper continental crust composed chiefly of felsic components in the source area. The study of paleoweathering conditions based on modal composition, chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) and A–CN–K (Al₂O₃ − CaO + Na₂O − K₂O) relationships indicate that probably chemical weathering in the source area and recycling processes have been more important in shale and white sandstones relative to purple sandstones. The results of this study suggest that the main source for the Lalun Formation was likely located in uplifted shoulders of a rifted basin (probably a pull-apart basin) in its post-rift stage (Pan-African basement of the Posht-e-badam block).     

亚洲大陆主要活动块体的现今构造应力数值模拟

亚洲大陆晚新生代和现代构造变形以活动地块为主要特征,表现为在统一构造格局下不同地块间具有不同的运动方式和速度。为了研究这些具有不同运动学性质块体间的相互作用以及构造变形特征,基于亚洲大陆的总体构造格局构建了二维有限元模型。根据模拟结果,对比已知GPS数据、震源机制解以及地质调查数据等,定量分析了大陆内部主要活动地块构造应力场的分布特征,并探讨了影响亚洲大陆现今构造变形特征的主要因素。结果表明：在我国的西部陆块内,由于周边一系列近EW向弧形活动构造带的存在,导致其内部次级块体运动速率的衰减,从而进一步导致应力环境的变化,由青藏中部的挤压-拉张环境逐渐转变为塔里木、天山地区的完全挤压环境;在西伯利亚地块和印度板块的联合挤压作用下,华北地块上地壳的应力表现为较弱的挤压环境,而在该种应力环境下块体内部伸展构造的成因很可能与其深部的动力学环境有关;华南地块的运动方向与台湾造山带相反,从而形成一个秦岭-大别造山带以南的较强烈的挤压-拉张区;在印度-澳大利亚板块和菲律宾俯冲板块的联合挤压作用下,巽他地块作为华南地块和印支地块的逃逸窗口,表现出以婆罗洲、南海为中心近圆弧形的弱挤压区以及环绕挤压区外缘挤压-拉张区的应力分布特征。     

Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Northern South China Sea and Its Implications for Evolution of East Asian Monsoon since Miocene

Clay mineral assemblages, crystallinity, chemistry, and micromorphology of clay particles in sediments from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed, and used to trace sediment sources and obtain proxy records of the past changes in the East Asian monsoon climate since the Miocene, based on a multi-approach, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Clay minerals consist mainly of illite and smectite, with associated chlorite and kaolinite. The illite at ODP Site 1146 has very well-to-well crystallinity, and smectite has moderate-to-poor crystallinity. In SEM the smectite particles at ODP Site 1146 often appear cauliflower-like, a typical micromorphology of volcanic smecites. The smectite at ODP Site 1146 is relatively rich in Si element, but poor in Fe, very similar to the smectite from the West Philippine Sea. In contrast, the chemical composition of illite at ODP Site 1146 has no obvious differences from those of the Loess plateau, Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River. A further study on sediment source indicates that smectite originates mainly from Luzon, kaolinite from the Pearl River, and illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, Taiwan and/or the Yangtze River. The clay mineral assemblages at ODP Site 1146 were not only controlled by continental eathering regimes surrounding the SCS, but also by the changing strength of the transport processes. The ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite at ODP Site 1146 were adopted as proxies for the East Asian monsoon evolution. Relatively higher ratios reflect strongly intensified winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, in contrast, lower ratios indicate a strengthened summer monsoon relative to winter monsoon. The consistent variation of this clay proxy from those of Loess plateau, eolian deposition in the North Pacific, planktonic, benthic foraminifera, and black carbon in the SCS since 20 Ma shows that three profound shifts of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity, and aridity in the Asian inland and the intensity of winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, occurred at about 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and the younger at about 3 Ma. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and 3 Ma.