日本东海道交通经济带形成和演化机制研究

本文研究了日本东海道交通经济带形成和演化的背景以及时空模式，分析了不同阶段东海道交通经济带形成和演化的特点和主要动力机制，并在此基础上，探讨了高速交通体系对交通经济带内产业空间演化的作用。     

Decentralized Regulation and the “Race to the Top”: The Case of Municipal Saloon Licensing in Turn-of-the-Century Massachusetts*

The spatial spread of policies, usually studied with an emphasis on contagion and demonstration effects, can also reflect considerations of trans-boundary spillovers. The model of the “race to the bottom” criticizes decentralized regulation as inherently tending towards laxity because of competition among jurisdictions for business. There exists also the possibility of a “race to the top,” in which a fear of an influx of an activity being regulated elsewhere causes the regulation to spread. An analysis of turn-of-the-century Massachusetts municipal saloon licensing policy illustrates the latter phenomenon.     

Geographic Variation in Services under Different Providers: The Case of Formal Child Care in Ontario

This study concerns geographic variation in levels of formal child care provision in the province of Ontario, Canada. The historical development of the decentralized service system is described, highlighting the emergence of public nonprofit, private nonprofit, and private proprietary service providers. Several policy measures in the recent past have attempted to restrict development of proprietary services, and this study examines in detail the geographic distribution of services prior to a number of these initiatives. Correlation analysis shows that service levels are related to measures of socioeconomic status, service need, and size and distribution of area populations. A regression model accounting for service levels in terms of socioeconomic status, single-parent families, and regional effects is described. Results differ by provider sector. Private nonprofit service levels are related to all three factors. Private proprietary services respond to socioeconomic status and to regional effects, but not to need measures. Service levels in the public nonprofit sector are not related to the model of service provision described here.     

诸侯经济、一体化经济还是不完全一体化经济?——论珠三角区域发展之路

就区域发展模式与战略选择而言,诸侯经济和一体化经济是两个重要方面,前者强调城市个体经济增长,后者注重区域统筹发展.通过对珠三角地区经济发展历程回顾,检视两种区域发展模式的优缺点.其次,对一体化经济模式进行深刻反思,认为完全一体化经济虽能实现区域整体利益最大化,但可能导致地方自主性丧失,滋生更大区域内的空间极化和区域隔离.文中提出区域经济发展的不完全一体化的发展模式,主张有选择性的空间封闭,下放发展权力给地方或区域"社区",既保持城市开放,也延续地方发展自主权.最后,从外部性理论、"新区域主义"和"权力下放"等西方区域发展新理论、珠三角发展实践等三方面对不完全一体化的可能性进行论证.     

中国地方政府财政赤字率的时空演变——地理监视的应用

运用重心模型、时空跃迁和地理监视揭示了中国地市财政赤字率的时空演变规律与空间相互作用。① 赤字率重心西移,地域不均衡。② 赤字率分布具有路径依赖和空间溢出效应。③ 经济越落后赤字风险越高,赤字冷点区集中于沿海且消退;热点区东扩且风险上升。④ 赤字累积风险顺地势阶梯递减。⑤ 广大中东部地市为非预警区,继续积极财政政策,但支出需偏向社会福利,依靠内需拉动经济增长;预警区多为中西部工业城市,应增强内生动力以实现财政与经济长期协调发展;调控区集中于青藏高原及边缘,中央应加大扶持民生,减轻地方压力。     

中美应对经济危机的宏观经济政策比较

以美国的大型金融机构纷纷陷入重大危机为标志,美国次贷危机演变成全球金融危机,应对危机所带来的经济萧条,中美两国政府展开了救市计划。比较中美两国的经济政策,中国将救市的希望放在了生产商,企图通过投资的增加来带动经济的增长。而美国政府更倾向于通过挽救金融体系,救助金融机构以刺激消费,来促进经济增长。形成这种差别的原因在于经济结构、金融环境、利率风险程度的不同,经济增长的动力不同以及中美贸易关系的影响。     

Commentary on Michael Pacione's 'Urban Liveability: A Review'

From an exploratory factor analysis of the 2001 Hong Kong census, it was found that after the political changeover, the underlying determinants of the social dimensions were education, ethnicity, age, occupation, housing, and household size characteristics, with education being the most important, reflecting a new division of labor that has created occupational polarization and income inequality. When compared with factor analyses of the 1971 and 1981 data, a high degree of continuity is present in the social landscape. However, cluster analysis based on these determinants revealed a significant spatial mixing of population with different demographic, social, and economic characteristics, so much so that the distinction between the traditional rural areas (the New Territories) and the traditional urban areas (Hong Kong Island and Kowloon) has become blurred. Nonetheless, a strong spatial polarization has also emerged. The driving force of this spatial integration and demographic/socioeconomic change was the population decentralization policy and the new airport construction which have transformed Hong Kong into an efficient, unified, polycentric city, an international financial center that services the global economy.     

Decentralization and the cultural politics of natural resource management in Kerala,India

The state of Kerala in India is known for its active civil society and the massive decentralization campaign launched in 1996. However marginalization of tribal communities hampers the state's decentralized environmental management strategies. The proposed construction of a dam along the Chalakkudy River will displace two colonies of the Kadar tribe in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns, destroy habitats of local wildlife and devastate unique riverine vegetation endemic to the region. This brings to light issues of social and environmental justice as well as a wider responsibility to protect and preserve unique flora and fauna. The state's decentralization strategies, as they relate to tribal communities, lack consideration of local power distribution and cultural conditioning. This raises questions about the state's role in social justice as well as biodiversity conservation. In 2010 and 2011, the author's interviews in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns reveal that tribal communities perceive that their place in society restricts their contribution regarding natural resource management and use. The paper suggests that unless the culture of planning and decision making in the state are changed, decentralized strategies will be ineffective, resulting in a predominately top‐down approach towards natural resource management, and will negate Kerala's goal of democratic decentralization.     

Urban sustainability: Lessons from organisms and ecosystems

The services essential for urban life include provision of electricity and water, disposal of sewage and solid waste, and management of stormwater. In the past two centuries, the infrastructure providing these services has become increasingly large and centralized, which from a sustainability perspective is problematic. I argue that, to be sustainable, a city must be integrated like a living organism, while having the resilience properties of a mature ecosystem. For the provision of infrastructure, this means that today's massive, highly centralized facilities must give way to more distributed yet interconnected systems.     

Free satellite imagery and digital elevation model analyses enabling natural resource management in the developing world: Case studies from Eastern Indonesia

Decentralization of governance and natural resource management is an ongoing process in many parts of Africa and Asia. Natural resource management requires spatial land resource data for planning. However, currently the financial and human capacity for natural resource mapping, monitoring and modelling remains low in local governments. In this context, this paper explores how new opportunities provided by the increasing availability of free satellite imagery, digital elevation data and open source spatial analysis software, can be applied by local government and NGOs to conduct sophisticated natural resource mapping and modelling in ways that meet their needs and incorporates local knowledge. Reported are cases of a local government using free geospatial data and GIS software to improve evidence‐based natural resource management in the developing world with a focus on raster data applications for satellite image analysis and terrain modelling. It is argued that, through removing barriers to uptake, such applications provide a means of decentralizing landscape analysis skills to improve local natural resource management. This hypothesis is supported through examples of a local government applying these tools in eastern Indonesia, and within this context barriers to wider adoption are explored.