走向大中小城市协调发展的中国新型城镇化格局——建国以来中国城市规模分布演化与影响因素

为了落实国家新型城镇化规划提出的大中小城市协调发展战略,对1952-2014年中国城市规模分布指数进行演化分析,并在时间序列分析基础上探索了影响因素。结果表明,2000年以来,中国城市规模分布一改长期的分散化趋势,正走向集中化;人口规模增长、政策干预以及城市之间信息和交通成本的节约,都促使城市规模分布分散化;人均GDP长期以来促进了城市规模分布的集中,但近年来开始促进分散化;对外开放水平则主要促进分布的集中。未来应以全国适度均衡发展作为指导方针;远期以市场一体化,近期以共赢互利机制建设为抓手,促进城市群内大中小城市协调分工,优势互补;注意政策的稳定性和长期性,减少城市化格局的人为波动。     

中国国内旅游流空间场效应分析

从空间场效应的角度采用因子分析法,利用1999-2003年中国国内旅游抽样调查资料,分析国内旅游流的产生、分配、集聚、扩散的基本特征以及旅游流空间网络的相关性。结果表明:(1)经济是旅游流产生的主要驱动力,旅游资源是旅游流空间分配的主要驱动力; 目前国内已形成4大旅游流产生地和5大旅游流集聚地;(2)旅游集聚场与扩散场的等级结构受市场原则作用,表现为K=3序列的空间模式;(3)旅游集聚场地域结构呈"U"型特征,而旅游扩散场呈"三级阶梯"状格局;(4)β、γ指数揭示旅游流空间网络相关性较差。今后加快长江、黄河流域旅游带以及南部沿海、北部沿海和东北旅游区等"二带三区"的旅游网络化建设,是我国推进区域旅游合作的主要方向和重点区域,是实现旅游流空间流向合理调整与流量结构优化的关键。     

Central Government Limitations on Local Policy Options for Environmental Protection*

The advantages of centralized environmental policy-making are widely assumed, but a corrective may be overdue. Central government environmental policy limits local policy options in at least three ways: (1) through federal pre-emption imposing solutions on local government; (2) through federal mandating of policy for implementation by subnational government; or (3) through federal disincentives to local adoption of innovative solutions. These constraints are illustrated by policy controlling the disposal of high-level radioactive waste, hazardous waste, and solid waste, respectively. The constraining effect of central environmental policy is felt regardless of whether the formal structure of environmental rule-making and implementation is centralized or decentralized. The analysis suggests the need for greater flexibility and coordination in the geographic structuring of environmental policy-making.     

Fiscal decentralization,political centralization,and land urbanization in China

This study investigates the driving forces of land urbanization in China. Drawing upon insights from the institutional perspective, this study argues that fiscal decentralization tightens local budget constraints, stimulating local governments to urbanize land to relieve fiscal distress. Political centralization triggers interregional competition among government officials for better economic performance, inspiring local governments to employ land development to mobilize more capital investment for growth. Based on official land-use change data from 2002 to 2008 for prefectural cities, and the application of spatial econometric models, this study presents empirical evidence to support these theoretical arguments. Results imply that fiscal and political incentives derived from land development drive China’s land urbanization process. This study enriches the urbanization literature by providing an institutional understanding of rapid land urbanization in a transitional economy.     

Challenges of forest governance in Madagascar

There has been a huge surge in interest in the preservation of Madagascar's forests in the past two decades, but despite the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars, the goal remains elusive. Recent legislation has given the government the authority to enter into contractual arrangements with communities for the management of the country's public forests, so it has become crucial to grapple with the significant challenges involved. This paper explores the enormity of the challenge of forest governance in Madagascar in an era of decentralization. By examining several forests in one part of the country, it reveals a dizzying range of forest types and forms of use and governance within a fairly small portion of the country. These examples make it apparent that the history of forest management in Madagascar constitutes a broad-ranging experiment with forest governance. Simply monitoring the dynamics of the forest canopy is a significant technical challenge. However, this pales in comparison to the difficulties inherent in explaining those dynamics and assessing the sustainability and equity of different management regimes. Of the forests considered in the study, those where the Malagasy state has partnered with international conservation and development organizations seem to stand out, both in terms of stabilized, or even growing, forest cover, as well as a balance of interests among users.     

地方自治背景下印度尼西亚空间规划面临的挑战

空间规划通过协调区域活动,合理地利用空间,辅助国家政治、经济和社会等事务的治理。印尼的空间规划由总统制定、落实,它体现着国家政治层面的发展愿景和任务。当国家治理结构改变时,各区域的空间规划及其具体的实施过程也随之改变。分权化和地方自治是2001年以来印尼政府体制的重大变革。通过相关规划法律条文和文献分析,发现空间规划开始面临一系列问题,主要表现为资金和专业人员的缺乏、政策交叉现象和空间规划违规行为等。此外,印尼的地方自治制度对空间规划产生了一定的积极影响：首先,在地方自治的背景下,地方政府通过系统的管理增加了区域收入,以支持空间规划的实施;其次,地方政府开始优先聘用空间规划的专业人员,制定更加有效的空间规划政策;最后,各地区加强了对空间规划违规者的执法力度,增强了区域间团结意识,从而促进地区繁荣发展。目前中央与地方之间在权力和利益分配上仍存在着大量的博弈和冲突,应加强上下级政府之间的沟通与合作,保障地方对地方相关事务决策时的参与权,建立地方利益表达与平衡的机制,提高中央决策的科学化和民主化水平。     

我国重要城市间信息作用的系统分析

本文依据城市间长途电话资料,借助因子分析方法,对我国三十个重要城市间信息作用的集聚场和扩散场进行了系统分析,着重分析了核及其影响范围、等级结构和地域结构,发现我国重要城市间的信息作用场深受中央集权行政管理体制的影响,网络结构也不合理.对此,本文也提出初步的发展依据和设想.     

Markets and women's trade: exploring their role in district development in Ghana

The economic importance of periodic and daily markets as well as the crucial role played by women in these markets has been well noted in the development literature on West Africa. While markets in Ghana have been examined in various aspects, not enough work has been done on their potential role within the context of the current decentralized district development process. This article makes the case for market development with the study of markets in two district capitals in the Central Region of Ghana. In both districts, with little industry and a weak tax base, levies on markets serve as a major source of internally generated revenue to local government, namely District Assemblies. The study also indicated that, for many people, the markets in the district capitals serve as the main avenue for interacting with the ‘centre’ (urban), thereby promoting rural‐urban interactions. However, these markets are underdeveloped. This article emphasizes the need to upgrade the infrastructure in these markets in order to generate more revenue for district development, improve agriculture and income, and reduce poverty, especially among women, and generally provide an alternative means to district development.     

Decentralization of Retailing in Britain: The Breaking of the Third Wave

A much anticipated explosion in regional shopping center retailing in Britain has failed to emerge. This paper suggests that the threat to existing property investments was a key reason why funds for development were slow to materialize. By the time the movement gathered pace, the British government became worried by the scale of proposals. Since the consumer boom that followed the expansionary budget of 1988 was short lived, it follows that many potential investors were relieved that they did not become involved with schemes that might have had little economic viability. Therefore, the rather restricted geography of retailing in Britain has been left largely unchanged.     

基于区块链的论文评审及追溯系统

移动互联网时代,人们在学习专业知识信息的方式越来越便捷的同时,学术论文抄袭、造假等问题也日益受到关注.而随着以比特币为主要代表的数字货币的出现,其底层用到的区块链技术也快速地进入人们的视线.本文根据区块链技术的去中心化、去信任、可追溯等特性,提出了一种基于区块链的论文评审及追溯系统.本系统在解决中心化的系统带来的高成本、安全性等问题的同时,对论文以及论文发布审核的过程进行检索、记录、存储,使得论文的发布检索审核等过程变得安全、可以追溯.