Financing climate adaptation with a credit mechanism: initial considerations

Climate mitigation credits have mobilized considerable resources for projects in developing countries, but similar funding to adapt to climate change has yet to emerge. The Copenhagen Accord targets up to US$50 billion per year in adaptation funding, but commitments to date have been trivial compared to what is needed. Although there are some studies and suggestions, it remains unclear where the money will come from and how it will be disbursed. Beyond this, many development experts believe that the main hurdle in climate adaptation is effective implementation. A framework, based on the polluter pays principle, is presented here regarding the mobilization of resources for adaptation in developing countries using market mechanisms. It is assumed that mitigation and adaptation are at least partly fungible in terms of long-term global societal costs and benefits, and that quantifying climate vulnerability reductions is possible at least sometimes. The scheme's benefits include significant, equitable and flexible capital flows, and improved and more efficient resource allocation and verification procedures that incentivize sustained project management. Challenges include overcoming political resistance to historical responsibility-based obligations and scepticism of market instruments, and, critically, quantifying climate impact costs and verifying investments for vulnerability reduction credits.     

The changing geopolitics of climate change finance

Funding for climate change efforts in developing countries is firmly established in the Articles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since the early days of the climate change negotiations, finance has been a key focus of attention and, often, a principal source of tension between developed and developing countries. Understandably, these tensions have led to numerous efforts to reform the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. The history of reforms of the Global Environment Facility – for some time the only operating entity of the financial mechanism – and the recent establishment of the Green Climate Fund are good examples of such efforts. It is asked here whether these efforts have been sufficient to keep pace with a rapidly changing, more complex and radically different world from that of 1992 when the UNFCCC was signed by most countries in Rio de Janeiro. On the 21st anniversary of the signing of the UNFCCC, the effects that global transformations have had on climate change finance are here explored, and some of the new challenges, as well as emerging opportunities, resulting from the new landscape of climate finance that has emerged as a result are described.

Policy relevance

The climate change negotiations are entering a critical period. The issue of finance is one of the key pillars on which the success of a new deal on a binding agreement depends. A better understanding of the increasing complexity of the climate finance landscape is essential. The world of climate finance and the geopolitics in which it operates have been significantly transformed since the signing of the UNFCCC. A better understanding of this transformation would help policy makers and negotiators find more effective and realistic ways to help unleash the immense amount of financial resources that could potentially be made available for the great challenge that many countries face to address climate change. The need for up-front and significantly scaled-up investments requires effective mechanisms that can leverage and encourage investments into areas where they are most needed to face the challenge of climate change. The role of the Green Climate Fund will be critical in this regard.     

Performance of renewable energy technologies under the CDM

While many different greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation technologies can be implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), renewable energy technologies (RETs), in particular, are often viewed as one of the key solutions for achieving the CDM's goals: host-country sustainable development and cost-efficient emissions reductions. However, the viability of emission reduction projects like RETs is technology- and country-specific. To improve the CDM with respect to the diffusion of RETs, it is crucial to understand the factors that ultimately drive or hinder investments in these technologies. This study develops a methodology based on project-level, regional and global variables that can systematically assess the financial and environmental performance of CDM projects in different country contexts. We quantitatively show how six RETs (PV, wind, hydro, biomass, sewage, landfill) are impacted differently by the CDM and how this impact depends on regional conditions. While sewage and landfill are strongly affected independently of their location; wind, hydro and biomass projects experience small to medium impacts through the carbon price, and strongly depend on regional conditions. PV depends more on regional conditions than on the carbon price but is always unprofitable. Furthermore, we determine the carbon prices necessary to push these six RETs to profitability under various regional conditions. Based on these results, we derive policy recommendations to advance the interplay between international and domestic climate policy to further incentivize GHG emission reductions from RETs.     

长三角城市群金融业演进的空间结构特征

金融是现代经济的核心,在同其他产业相互作用中不断发展。区域金融业空间合理布局则是保证区域内金融资源优化配置的重要基础,也是促进区域产业结构升级和区域经济一体化快速发展的有力保障。基于此,以长三角城市群为研究对象,采用金融地理学研究视角,在区域经济一体化迅速发展的大背景下尝试分析了长三角城市群金融业演进的空间结构特征。研究发现,区域金融业发展呈现出"一心两极多点"向"一心两极两轴多点"演进的空间结构特征。     

中国商业银行改革需要稳定的人民币汇率

首先分析了亚洲金融危机产生的原因及其对中国的启示，进而得出商业银行改革应该先于人民币汇率浮动，接着又分析了商业银行不良贷款问题及人民币升值对不良贷款的负面影响，最后总结得出商业银行改革必须以人民币汇率保持稳定作为保证的结论。     

高校校办企业财务管理问题的思考

针对高校校办企业的主要特点．分析了高校校办企业财务管理上存在的激励制度扭曲，多头管理、条块分割以及财务制度不健全等问题，并提出了强化会计制度基础建设工作、优化财务管理体制、实行会计委派制、加强财会人员的业务培训以及规范运作防范风险等相应的对策加强高校校办企业财务管理。     

贵港市污染天气分型及污染气象特征研究

污染天气分型研究对空气质量预报预警等具有重要的意义,基于2015年1月~2018年12月欧洲数值预报中心（ECMWF）再分析资料和国家气象站常规资料,采用聚类分析法按高空及地面天气形势划分了贵港市的污染天气类型,并探讨各天气类型下的污染天气特征和空气质量状况。结果表明,发生大气污染时,按高空(500 hPa)环流形势可分为两槽一脊型、一槽一脊型、副热带高压型,其中两槽一脊发生在秋冬季的频率最高。按地面环流形势可分为冷高压脊底部型、冷高压控制型、冷高压后部型、西南暖低压型、热带气旋型、均压场型共6种类型,并构建天气学模型。其中冷高压脊底部控制下的污染天气天数最多(61天);但冷高压控制型空气质量最差(AQI为163),是造成颗粒物(PM2.5/PM10)超标的类型;西南暖低压型次之(AQI为135);热带气旋型和均压场型常常表现为高温多日照,容易造成O3污染。大气污染发生时环流形势和气象要素表现为大气稳定度升高,水平和垂直扩散条件变差,地面平均风速不超过1.5m/s,相对湿度大于50%,日雨量皆为不超过5mm的零星小雨。     

基于金融细分行业的长三角城市网络的组织模式及驱动因素

在区域经济一体化发展背景下,基于金融细分行业的城市网络研究逐渐成为金融地理学的研究热点。论文以1990—2017年长三角15524家金融企业为研究对象,应用连锁网络模型、模块度及QAP(quadratic assignment procedure)关系回归模型,探究长三角城市网络的组织模式及驱动因素。研究发现：① 银行业视角下,城市网络呈现以上海为核心向南京、杭州、宁波等城市辐射的扇形格局;保险业视角下,以上海为核心,以南京、杭州、合肥等城市为次核心的多中心网络格局较为凸显;证券业视角下,城市网络联系形态相对稳定。② 不同金融行业下,城市网络均具有明显的“小世界”与无标度网络特性,地理邻近、择优链接是影响网络“派系”划分的重要因素。③ 上海、南京、杭州、合肥等核心城市具备较强的网络辐射与集聚能力,在整体网络连接中扮演“守门人角色”;但由于证券企业数量相对较少、扩张速度较慢,导致其网络辐射与集聚能力远低于银行与保险网络。④ 人均GDP差值与银行网络呈倒U型关系;同一行政区划和地理邻近的城市能减小空间摩擦,促进要素流动;产业结构与金融环境相似的城市有助于解除锁定,从而加快其融入外部网络。     

金融危机下泛长三角FDI时空格局演化及其机制研究

在华FDI的区域差异及其区位选择的演化过程与机制,受企业属性、产业特性及来源国和承接国社会经济环境等多种因素影响.在国际金融危机冲击下,全球虚拟与实体经济波动、国际产业转移新趋势与国家宏观政策新导向等内外部因素不断重构在华FDI时空格局演变过程与机制.基于路径依赖、外部冲击等理论分析框架,本文以泛长三角地区为例,首先从总量、行业与区位选择等方面分析了金融危机前后FDI的时空演变过程;其次通过计量模型对FDI区位选择影响因素演变过程进行实证研究.研究表明,金融危机前后泛长三角FDI区位选择及其影响因素转变遵循路径依赖动态演化模式,主要表现为原有演化路径受到金融危机冲击,伴随市场环境、生产要素成本、创新环境、集聚经济和沉淀成本、制度环境等内外生因素影响,FDI总量、行业与区位选择的演化趋势也呈现出复杂性与多样化.     

MODIS 1B 影像条带检测与去除

MODIS 1B 影像中存在横向和纵向条带, 基于均衡化曲线补偿技术, 提出了一种快速检测和去除条带的 算法, 给出了条带检测判定参数, 即: 如果A帧和B 帧的10 组传感器校正系数Ci值分别位于0 的两侧, 且ABS(Ci)> 0.008, 则存在宽条带; 如果10 组传感器的校正系数MAX(Ci)>0.05 时, 则存在单行条带。去除宽条带时, 需以当前 列为首列, 从其后连续的100 列影像中提取各传感器相对当前列的校正系数。结果表明, 条带检测模型能有效识别 单行条带和宽条带, 多行条带需目视识