合成斜方辉石系列的红外光谱研究

在30kbar和900℃条件下,用等化学计量氧化物混合物合成了11个斜方辉石系列的样品,并对合成的样品进行了X射线粉晶分析和红外光谱分析。分析结果表明,晶胞参数和红外光谱随化学成分的改变而产生复杂的变化。不仅晶胞参数b和M而且频率ν_(670cm)-1和M之间存在很好的线性相关关系,通过用最小二乘法所拟合的相关方程可容易地测定斜方辉石的成分,但是α和c与M之间只有较差的线性关系,而ν_(450cm)-1和M以及ν_(380cm)-1和M之间并无简单的线性相关关系,这可归因于Fe~(2+)在M_1和M_2位置的有序分布。     

Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surfaces of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation

The physical processes of raindrop impact and water flow on the leaves and branches of selected tropical tree species were examined under laboratory conditions using simulated rainfall. Inclined branches were found to be particularly efficient in detaining impacting water droplets. This efficiency in raindrop detention increases linearly as a function of branch inclination on branches that are initially dry. On branches that have been thoroughly wetted, this increase in raindrop detention with branch inclination is best expressed as a logarithmic function. At branch inclinations of 60° above the horizontal, the quantity of branchflow was found to be > 80 per cent of the total quantity of impacting rainfall, indicating that < 20 per cent was lost to rainsplash. The strong positive relationship between branchflow and branch inclination explains why trees with large projected areas of steeply inclined upthrust branches have significant quantities of intercepted water draining from their branches and trunks under heavy rainfall conditions. This drainage from the woody frame of trees influences surficial processes by generating both stemflow and large throughfall droplets.     

岩溶地层水文水井泡沫钻井压力和排量计算

分析了岩溶地层水文水井施工中,泡沫实现平衡压力或欠平衡压力钻井的原理及影响泡沫钻井有效井眼压力的因素,采用迭代法逆循环计算方法,计算井口压力和井口气液排量。     

硬壳覆盖条件下土壤冻融期水盐运动规律研究

采用大田试验,研究了水泥硬壳覆盖后冻融期土壤温度、水分、盐分的变化规律,采用室内土柱试验,研究了冻融交替时期土壤中的水盐运动规律,试验表明,土壤水泥硬壳覆盖后土壤的冻结时间减少,冻结深度变浅;明显抑制土壤水分的无效蒸发;明显抑制土壤在融冻时期的土壤返盐,同时由于“冻层滞水”在春季的融化,有淋洗表层土壤盐分的作用,使土壤表层脱盐,土柱脱融试验进一步说明,土壤经冻融过程后,土壤中的水盐发生了重新分布。     

窄小砂体油田注采系统调整技术研究

油田水下窄小分流砂体进入中高含水期后,由于现井网对油层的水驱控制程度低,制约了分层注水调整技术优势的发挥,影响了开发效果。提出一套适合窄小砂体油田注采系统的调整,即以单砂体研究为基础,“分砂体、分阶段”采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法的“全方位优化转注方案 ”,对原井网进行了加密调整、细分注水。合理的注采系统调整是控制油田产量递减、提高水驱油采收率的有利措施。     

地下水超采对农业灌溉的影响及对策研究

在北方一些灌区,由于地下水的过量开采,出现了水位持续下降、地下水矿化度增加、土壤盐渍化等一系列环境问题.一些灌区对地下水的可采资源量估计过高,造成目前超采仍有进一步发展的趋势.因此必须采取有效措施控制地下水超采,实现灌区农业的可持续发展、保护环境.讨论灌区地下水超采的判别方法、超采对灌区的影响、以及应采取的对策.     

小灌区农田土壤水分析

对山西省小灌区农田土壤水分在时空分布及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:大气降水、农田灌溉、作物蒸腾和田间土壤蒸发是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素.农田土壤水分分布随着作物的种类而变化.     

Utility Efficient Frontier: An Application in the Oil and Gas Industry

Current practice shows that the use of portfolio and utility theory is very low among petroleum companies. This article advocates the use of both portfolio theory and utility theory as decision-making tools to improve performance of oil and gas companies. We introduce a model that can be practically used and applied in the oil and gas industry. This model generates an optimized, efficient portfolio and, at the same time, enables the decision maker to incorporate his risk attitude and policy. This can only be done by combining both the portfolio theory and utility theory through an approach called the utility mean-variance model. A typical oil portfolio optimization problem is investigated by applying both portfolio and utility theories. Through the utility mean-variance model, an efficient frontier that captures decision maker risk attitude is achieved.     

地下工程测量时仪器采用的激光对点给向装置

介绍了一种用于隧洞、矿山井下等地下工程的测量设备的结构特点和技术特点以及仪器的使用方法。说明使用该设备，无需专人特灯照明和锤球对点，就能实现点下对点，测量过程中，仪器及觇牌的对点、整平、照准、读数、给向全过程单人操作、省工、省时并能提高精度。     

塔里木灌区近40年来气候变化特征

根据塔里木灌区阿拉尔气象站1961年1月－1999年12月的气温及降水资料，分析了塔里木灌区近40年的气候变化，得出近40年来塔里木灌区降水量呈上升趋势（4．60mm/10年），秋季降水量却呈下降趋势（－3．45mm／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（0．065℃／10年），冬季变暖的趋势（0．849℃／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（－0．171℃／10年）；年极端低温的上升趋势（0．569℃／10年）大于年极端高温的下降趋势（－0．095℃／10年）。可以70年代末为界将近40年塔里木塔区气候分为冷、暖两个阶段，前为冷期，后为暖期。