国外可持续发展政策研究对我国的启示

详细地剖析了以美、日、欧为代表的发达国家的相关的可持续发展政策,包括经济政策、产业政策和人口政策,并分析了这些政策对我国的启示,最后提出应该借鉴他国经验,从市场和政府两方面着手,不仅要积极发挥市场手段实施可持续发展,而且政府应当创造规则引导市场,同时提出应进一步完善可持续发展的人口政策.     

地下采矿试验模型变形监测研究

结合某矿区地下采矿引起岩层移动建立的试验模型,讨论了通过近景摄影测量手段对模型开挖中的变形情况进行监测的方法,并通过分析得出了一些有益的结论。     

动态平差灰色预测优化模型

根据灰色系统ＧＭ（１,１）模型的性质,提出了利用观测网的数据建立ＧＭ（１,１）模型的优经方法,从而使观测网的动态平差与预测得到优化,计算实例说明是有效的。     

Nonlocal Turbulent Mixing Based on Convective Adjustment Concepts (Ntac)

A nonlocal turbulent mixing parameterization is introduced in this study and denoted by the acronym NTAC, which stands for Nonlocal parameterization of Turbulent mixing using convective Adjustment Concepts. NTAC uses the average value of quantities in the turbulent domain in much the same way that local convective adjustment schemes use the average potential temperature. Averages are determined in the region with non-convective turbulence using information from the two end layers (denoted by TLA, Two Layer Average), while all layers contribute to the average in regions with convective turbulence (denoted by CLA, Convective Layer Average). The NTAC parameterization estimates the mixing percentage and uses this percentage as a mixing coefficient. These percentages are determined from a simplified turbulent kinetic energy equation. The scheme is versatile, conservative, and when programmed efficiently the proposed parameterization is a computationally acceptable nonlocal procedure that can be used in many existing numerical weather prediction forecast models.Numerical weather forecast model simulations using the NTAC parameterization and traditional K-theory are compared against radiosonde data. The accuracy of the proposed NTAC parameterization is found to be competitive with K theory. The greatest improvement of the NTAC over K-theory occurs during the daytime and early nighttime hours when (dry) convective activity is high. Also, areal cloud coverage is increased by the NTAC parameterization. Our findings show that the greatest nonlocal vertical mixing occurs between the layer nearest the earth's surface and the remaining layers making up the planetary boundary layer.     

海南岛戈枕含金剪切带构造应力与物质调查对应关系的初步探讨

通过系统地野外地质调查,取样和分析测试,结合计算机模拟,探讨戈枕含金剪切带物质在构造应力作用下的调整,结果表明剪切构造应力对物质的调整具有一定的对应规律,是金富集成矿的重要因素。     

上海市高速公路网框架点GPS定位测量数据处理与分析

以上海市高速公路网及若干主要国道的道路框架点GPS控制网施测及观测数据处理为例,详细分析和总结了中长距离道路导线形式GPS控制网的设计布设方法、网的稳定度和数据处理经验。     

SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS ON WOMEN'S WORK IN TARIJA,BOLIVIA

ABSTRACT. This geography of women's work in the less‐developed world is set in Tarija, Bolivia, a small city that has been dramatically changed by economic crisis and structural‐adjustment programs. Explored is the spatial component of women's economic activities in a low‐income barrio following the imposition of structural‐adjustment programs in the 1980s and 1990s. Women who pursue employment away from home must rely on other women. In particular, households that include more than one woman who is capable of handling important daily chores are more likely to have a woman engaged in income‐generating activities away from the home and the neighborhood. Women at home make it possible for other women to extend their economic activity into the broader community. These findings are important because they draw attention to women's reliance on other women, how women use space, and how they are constrained by spatial factors as they negotiate their daily lives.     

Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger

Soil beneath shrubs form ‘fertile islands’ in fallow sites and millet fields in semi-arid Niger. To gain more information about this phenomena different shrub species in fallow sites following a gradient from 350–650 mm precipitation were examined. For each shrub two different areas were distinguished: an area under the canopy of the shrubs and an area in the nearby open land. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0–10 cm and analysed for C_org, N_total, P_Bray, pH(H₂O), exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and soil texture. Significantly higher concentrations between 38–51% for C, N, P and 22% on ECEC for K⁺were found in the soil under the shrubs. The pH showed only slight but significant differences, whereas Al³⁺and H⁺rates on ECEC under the shrubs were increased by 44–55%. For Guiera senegalensis, the most common shrub of the studied area, enrichment ratios of most soil properties increased relatively more with increasing aridity. In general, enrichment ratios decreased with the age of the fallows, whereas concentrations showed no clear evolution. The chemical composition of the shrub litter seems to influence the degree of soil enrichment. The main step of fertile island formation takes place during the cultivation period by trapping wind-blown sediment. This work shows that shrubs are of vital importance for the accumulation of nutrients and maintenance of soil fertility within agro-ecosystems of Niger.     

Policies for rural Eastern Europe in transition: The case of Slovakia

After losing much of their demographic vitality under communism, rural areas of Eastern Europe are now handicapped by greatly reduced commuting opportunities and by a lack of foreign investment in the countryside. Although restitution and privatisation has placed much of the land under the control of private farmers, there is a need to modernise agriculture and rural infrastructure generally and also to increase the scope for pluriactivity. At the same time, functional links with the towns must be restored through a growth of employment linked with the central place system. Despite the importance of private enterprise under the conditions of a market economy, the government must take a lead and this paper deals with initiatives taken in rural Slovakia to mobilise the human resources of the countryside. The paper is heavily oriented towards research by the geographers at Nitra who have been much involved with the transformation of their local area. It is evident that while there has been no shortage of ideas, progress has been limited on account of low investment and the tensions associated with a series of three Meciar governments which have dominated Slovak politics through the 1990s. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Problems of regional population growth in Serbia

The paper considers regional differences in population growth in Serbia and highlights the contrast that has emerged between Kosovo and Metohia and the other regions of the country since World War Two. Due to continuing high fertility coupled with declining mortality, growth in Kosovo and Metohia has been three times greater than in Serbia Proper and five times greater than in Voivodina, regions which have been following closely the European demographic transition. Since the population in Kosovo and Metohia is overwhelmingly Albanian these divergent demographic trends are sharpening ethnic tension as the demographic weight of the Serbs decreases in the country as a whole. At the same time the dominance of the Albanians within the province may well contribute to the independence struggle. Since the maintenance of high fertility, with a relatively slow decline - even in comparison with Albania - could be linked with externalities, it is suggested that a solution might be found in more autonomous development for the province which might bring an increase in local responsibility for sustainable development and a decrease in the currently high level of demographic investment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.