抚松饮用水水源保护区水资源特征分析

本文通过对抚松饮用水水源保护区地理环境、区域地质和水文地质的介绍,分析了保护区内矿泉水的赋存与形成条件、矿泉水类型和分布特征,在此基础上对区内矿泉水的水化学特征和资源量进行了概要评价。为进一步研究保护区内天然矿泉水资源、保护水资源免受污染及防治水源地遭受生态破坏提供了科学依据,也为有效利用矿泉水资源、促进地方经济持续健康发展起到积极的作用。     

冻融循环对砼护坡界面抗剪强度影响试验研究

以混凝土铰接块+土工布+黏土护坡结构室内模型为研究对象, 分别讨论不同含水量及冻融循环次数下接触面间抗剪强度指标的变化规律. 分别测定常温下护坡结构含水量在15.7%~28%之间的黏聚力(C)和内摩擦角(φ)值, 含水量为18%以及饱和状态下经过10次冻融循环的C值和φ值, 采用多元回归法进行分析. 结果表明: 含水量对护坡结构的抗剪强度指标弱化十分明显, 斜面摩擦试验中黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水量增加而降低; 含水量与内摩擦角呈线性相关关系, 与黏聚力呈乘幂关系. 冻融循环过程水分迁移导致砼护坡界面水分增大, 界面抗剪强度指标弱化. 随冻融循环次数的增加砼铰接块护坡界面的抗剪强度减小, 对于非饱和黏性土, 在5次冻融循环时减小幅度较大, 但10次冻融循环时减小幅度较小并基本趋于稳定; 而对于饱和黏性土, 其抗剪强度指标随冻融循环次数的增加减小幅度并不明显.     

中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土环境及管道施工技术探讨

选取中俄原油管道沿线位于多年冻土区的漠河-乌尔其段为研究区域, 分析了管道工程对多年冻土环境的影响以及冻土退化所带来的一系列生态环境问题, 并研究了冻土环境变化对管道工程的影响. 针对冻土区管道工程施工的相关问题, 提出了不同施工迹地的施工方式及相对应的冻土环境保护措施: 施工作业带的清理;取弃土的处理;施工便道、伴行道的修建及不同地段施工便道与伴行路路基最小高度的确定;施工营地、料场的设计及布设;管沟开挖时基坑暴露时间的计算, 多年冻土区管道工程的施工等.中俄输油管道是我国首条通过多年冻土区的大口径原油管道, 研究结果可为中俄输油管道及今后寒区工程建设过程中的环境保护提供科学依据.     

Modeling patch characteristics of farmland loss for site assessment in urban fringe of Beijing, China

Farmland protection and delimitation in the urban fringe considers not only natural factors but also the spatial characters and site factors. Taking Daxing District, Beijing in China as a case study, this paper used landscape ecology and power-law methods to analyze and evaluate farmland loss during the period of 2004-2007 based on the interpretation results of SPOT5 remote sensing images in 2004 and 2007. At the patch level, we selected four landscape indices, namely patch size, shape index, the nearest neighbor distance between farmland and construction land (including residential land and other construction land), and cropping type, to evaluate the risk of farmland loss and establish a farmland site analysis indicator system. The results showed that patch size and shape index have a significant positive correlation with farmland loss, whereas the distance to construction land has a clear negative correlation with farmland loss. As regards cropping type, fallow farmland is much easier for non-agricultural use than cultivated farmland. The relative transition ratio among vegetable land, fallow farmland and cultivated farmland is 1︰5.6︰1. The patch size of lost farmland follows a power-law distribution, indicating that not only small parcels but also large parcels can be lost. Patch size less than 4 ha or more than 15 ha is in high loss risk, between 4 ha and 10 ha in medium loss risk, and larger than 10 ha and less than 15 ha in low risk. Farmland with a more regular shape has a higher likelihood of loss. Patch shape index less than 2.0 is in high loss risk, between 2.0 and 3.0 in medium loss risk, and larger than 3.0 in low risk. Construction land has a varying impact on farmland loss, the residential land effected distance is 1000 m, and that of the other construction land is 2000 m. This analysis showed the relationships between site factors and farmland loss, and the analysis framework can provide support and reference for farmland protection and delimitation of prime farmland in China.     

干旱区不同土壤和作物灌溉量的无机碳淋溶特征实验研究

为探讨干旱区作物灌溉对盐碱土无机碳传输的影响,通过选择不同含盐量的土壤,即耕地土（F）、混合土（C）和原生荒漠土（D）,分别种植水稻（R）和棉花（C）,进行了一个生长季的淋溶实验,并定期收取且分析土壤淋溶液中的可溶性无机碳（DIC）含量。结果表明：（1）水稻处理无机碳的淋溶主要集中在秧苗分蘖期和幼穗发育期,而棉花处理则集中在花铃期和吐絮期;（2）不同含盐量土壤在同一灌溉量下,土壤含盐量越高,其淋溶过程得到的无机碳总量越大,最高约为8.4 g·m^-2·a^-1,最低仅约0.7 g·m^-2·a^-1;（3）同种土壤不同灌溉量,其水稻高于棉花,高出值范围为2.9～4.1 g·m^-2·a^-1;种植作物处理得到的无机碳总量均大于其相应对照处理的量（p＜0.05）。研究结果表明,土壤的盐含量及作物灌溉量对土壤无机碳淋溶有重要影响。     

烟台市海岸带地质环境问题及保护建议

烟台市海岸带地处山东半岛蓝色经济区内,其资源丰富,具有重要的经济地位。但受自然地质条件及人类工程活动等影响,产生了许多地质环境问题。该文分析了烟台市海岸带内存在的主要地质环境问题,并在此基础上提出了海岸带保护建议,对于实现海岸带建设与地质环境保护的共同协调发展具有重要的意义。     

基于农户调查的经济发达地区城郊农地流转 ——以广州市番禺区为例

农地流转是农户具有方向性选择的土地利用行为表现,按流转方向可分为转入与转出.为探讨不同流转方向的农户农地流转特征差异,以广州市番禺区467户农户调研数据为例,分析不同流转方向下的农地流转特征,并探讨不同流转方向下的流转价格影响因素。研究认为：①番禺区农地流转的特征在不同流转方向下具有一定差异,其中转出率高于转入率,转入规模大于转出规模,北部的转入和转出率均稍高于南部,但在流转价格、流转年限、契约方式、流转难易及交易时间等方面则差异不显著。②应用多元回归分析法对不同流转方向下的农地流转价格影响因素进行分析,发现转入模型回归效果比转出模型回归效果好,其中流转方式及流转花费时间两个因子在不同模型中的作用不同。研究表明,农地流转由于存在转入与转出方向的不同,流转特征会存在一定差异,开展该方面的研究应区别对待。     

榆靖高速公路防护体系近地面流场特征

通过野外调查及风场观测,研究了在主导风向为NW-SE时,榆靖高速公路K404处上风向植被防护体系的地面流场变化特征。结果表明:（1）风速和地形存在较好的相关性。在流动沙丘和固定沙丘迎风坡,风速放大率均为正,背风坡为负,背风坡没有产生回流,风速整体减小。风速放大率计算结果表明,愈接近地面风速的变化程度越大,风速放大率绝对值与垂直高度呈指数函数关系,风速放大率的大小与沙丘类型无关。（2）接近公路的贴地面风速显著下降,现有植被防护体系能够缓解流沙危害,植被的防风效果较好。（3）流动、半固定、固定沙丘的迎风坡地表风速廓线基本符合对数律,丘顶和背风坡风速廓线偏离对数曲线,固定沙丘粗糙度高于流动沙丘。     

Filling the gaps one at a time: The Gully Marine Protected Area in Eastern Canada. A response to Agardy, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Christie

In a recently published paper, Agardy et al. [Mind the gap: addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 2011;35:226-32] discuss the shortcomings of several Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) including the Gully MPA, located 200 km offshore Nova Scotia, Canada. Although the paper's critical assessment of MPA effectiveness was welcomed, the Gully MPA received an out-of-date profile resulting in an erroneous analysis of current protection levels. This short communication has been written to set the record straight.     

海运石脑油储罐水相区阴极保护电场的数值模拟

采用边界元方法对石脑油储罐罐底水相区的阴极保护系统设计方案进行了数值模拟.结果表明,传统设计方案中电场参数分布不均匀、过保护现象明显;通过适当减少牺牲阳极数量并调整其布设位置,可对其阴极保护设计进行优化,过保护现象明显减小,且电位和电流密度分布也更为均匀.