干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带空间贫困分异特征、减贫需求与扶贫对策研究——以新疆和田地区为例

干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带具有自然环境恶劣、社会发展滞后、经济基础薄弱、人口素质较低、贫困现象普遍的显著特征。依据空间贫困理论、GIS空间分析技术和TOPSIS模型,研究了和田地区空间贫困等级、致贫原因及其障碍度指数,并提出了相应的扶贫对策建议。结果表明：（1）和田地区一级贫困区包括和田县（0.528 0）、民丰县（0.466 3）;二级贫困区包括皮山县（0.387 1）、于田县（0.378 8）、和田市（0.371 5）、策勒县（0.348 3）、墨玉县（0.325 7）;三级贫困区包括洛浦县（0.221 3）。（2）和田地区排序前五的减贫需求包括：生产资料（86.8%）、资金（85.5%）、住房（74.3%）、教育培训（67.0%）和饮水（64.7%）。针对研究区的空间贫困分异特征以及减贫需求,从完善公共基础设施、实施转移就业行动、发展特色优势产业、改善生产生活条件、加大教育培训力度与金融扶持力度等方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

Changes in phytoplankton diversity and community composition along the salinity gradient of the Schelde estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)

Phytoplankton diversity and community composition were studied along the Schelde river–estuary–coastal zone continuum during the summer of 2003. DCA analysis indicated a gradual compositional turnover of the phytoplankton community within the estuary. GAM modelling of species response curves along the estuarine gradient was used to identify taxa that had their population maximum in the river, the coastal zone or within the estuary. Taxa that had their population maximum within the estuary did not form a homogenous community but comprised species with different salinity optima and rather restricted salinity tolerances. The observed changes in community composition along the estuarine transition zone correspond more closely to an ecocline than to an ecotone model. Despite the fact that few taxa had their population maximum at or near the salinity gradient, alpha diversity did not display a minimum around the salinity gradient. This lack of a diversity minimum within the estuary was ascribed to an important contribution of taxa of riverine or coastal origin to alpha diversity within the estuary contributed. On average 55% of the alpha diversity in the estuarine samples was due to riverine or coastal taxa. Beta diversity displayed a clear maximum around the salinity gradient. For planktonic organisms which are subject to mass effects, beta diversity is probably a better indicator for the impact of the salinity gradient on diversity in estuaries than alpha diversity.     

CLM4.5在西北农牧交错带盐池站的模拟性能评估

农牧交错带具有草地、裸地、农田大面积相互镶嵌的独特下垫面,其地表水热过程变化复杂,亟需深入研究。利用宁夏盐池站2017年实际观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5的模拟性能进行检验。结果表明,在复杂下垫面下,CLM4.5仍能较好地模拟出草地的地面反射辐射、地面长波辐射和净辐射以及0~10 cm土壤含水量和温度的变化特征,但模拟值与观测值还存在一定偏差。CLM4.5能模拟出辐射通量的日变化特征,除5月外,地面反射辐射模拟值与观测值之间的偏差较小。地面长波辐射模拟值白天偏高,净辐射观测值与模拟值的相关系数为0.99,均方根误差为22.50 W·m^-2。土壤含水量观测值与模拟值的相关系数达0.83,但模拟值偏低,且模式对降雨后土壤含水量变化过程的模拟性能有待提高。土壤温度模拟值的日变化特征较为明显,观测值与模拟值的相关系数为0.98,均方根误差为2.82℃。     

Feedback-Driven Response to Multidecadal Climatic Variability at an Alpine Treeline

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has significant climatological and ecological effects in northwestern North America. Its possible effects and their modification by feedbacks are examined in the forest-tundra ecotone in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Tree ring samples were collected to estimate establishment dates in 10 quadrats. Age-diameter regressions were used to estimate the ages of uncored trees. The temporal pattern of establishment and survival was compared to the pattern of the PDO. A wave of establishment began in the mid-1940s, rose to a peak rate in the mid-1970s, and dropped precipitously beginning ca. 1980 to near zero for the 1990s. The period of establishment primarily coincided with the negative phase of the PDO, but the establishment and survival pattern is not correlated with the PDO index. The pattern indicates a period during which establishment was possible and was augmented by positive feedback from surviving trees. Snow may be the most important factor in the feedback, but studies indicate that its effects vary locally. Spatially differentiated analyses of decadal or longer periodicity may elucidate responses to climatic variation.     

新疆策勒沙漠-荒漠-绿洲典型下垫面小气候空间变化分析

利用从2010年8月1日至2011年6月30日新疆策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带及绿洲内部4个观测点的风速、大气相对湿度（RH）、温度、太阳辐射能、光合有效辐射（PAR）同步观测资料,分析了小气候差异并初步探讨产生差异的原因。结果表明：不同空间的下垫面性质对小气候影响明显不同。在8月,半固定沙地、固定沙地和绿洲内部与流沙地前沿相比,日平均风速在2 m高处分别依次降低了42.69%、50.71%和94.32%,日平均风速在10 m高处分别依次降低了7.94%、13.66%和59.59%,这表明植被覆盖度越大,防风阻沙效果越好。夏季植被能够降温增湿,冬季12月份,绿洲内部在0.5 m高处日平均温度依次高于流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地1.47℃、1.20℃、2.74℃。4个下垫面的PAR与太阳辐射能变化趋势基本一致,绿洲内部的PAR值相对最小,太阳辐射能在6月达到最高值。夏季晴天在20:00~09:00左右近地表层会出现逆温现象。冬季晴天白天午后易出现大于起沙风的阵风,从流沙前沿到绿洲内部气温逐渐升高,大气相对湿度先逐渐降低后增大。     

Carbon loss by water erosion in drylands: implications from a study of vegetation change in the south‐west USA

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the global carbon cycle yet is rarely quantified adequately in terms of its spatial variability resulting from losses of SOC due to erosion by water. Furthermore, in drylands, little is known about the effect of widespread vegetation change on changes in SOC stores and the potential for water erosion to redistribute SOC around the landscape especially during high‐magnitude run‐off events (flash floods). This study assesses the change in SOC stores across a shrub‐encroachment gradient in the Chihuahuan Desert of the south‐west USA. A robust estimate of SOC storage in surface soils is presented, indicating that more SOC is stored beneath vegetation than in bare soil areas. In addition, the change in SOC storage over a shrub‐encroachment gradient is shown to be nonlinear and highly variable within each vegetation type. Over the gradient of vegetation change, the heterogeneity of SOC increases, and newer carbon from C₃ plants becomes dominant. This increase in the heterogeneity of SOC is related to an increase in water erosion and SOC loss from inter‐shrub areas, which is self‐reinforcing. Shrub‐dominated drylands lose more than three times as much SOC as their grass counterparts. The implications of this study are twofold: (1) quantifying the effects of vegetation change on carbon loss via water erosion and the highly variable effects of land degradation on soil carbon stocks is critical. (2) If landscape‐scale understanding of carbon loss by water erosion in drylands is required, studies must characterize the heterogeneity of ecosystem structure and its effects on ecosystem function across ecotones subject to vegetation change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型防护林体系环境效益及其生态功能

 在塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带,选取乔灌草结构（胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落）、乔灌结构（胡杨-柽柳群落）和单一乔木结构（胡杨群落）三种典型防护林为研究对象,采用野外监测和室内分析相结合的方法,探讨了不同类型防护林对空气温湿度、土壤理化特性及防护效应等的作用,并分析了产生差异的原因及生态功能。结果表明：(1）干旱区绿洲-荒漠过渡带不同结构组成的防护林均可提高群落内温湿度的稳定性,改善土壤理化性质,其中乔灌草结构防护林较其它群落更有利于增加0~50 cm土壤有机质、[WTBX]全N、全P[WTBZ]和20~100 cm土壤全[WTBX]K[WTBZ]的积累;能更有效地增加0~30 cm土壤水分、抑制0~100 cm土壤盐分、稳定0~50 cm土壤温度;(2）单一胡杨林群落的有效防护高度为2~3 m,横向有效防护距离为40 m;胡杨-柽柳群落的有效防护高度为2～4 m,横向有效防护距离为60 m;胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落的有效防护高度分别为小于1 m和2~4 m,高度超过1 m以上的横向有效防护距离为60 m,在1 m以下其横向有效防护距离可达100 m;(3)群落结构、植物密度和覆盖度是影响防护林环境特征和生态功能的主要原因。     

Measured and computed neutralization potentials from static tests of diverse rock types

Desert–oasis ecotone is an interactive area between desert and oasis ecosystems which plays an important role in ensuring oasis ecological security and maintaining oasis internal stabilization. The studied region had experienced dramatic landscape change and soil degradation during the 20th century, especially in the last two decades. To document the status and evaluate this degradation process, geostatistics and GIS map algebra were used to quantify the temporal–spatial changes in landscape pattern and soil degradation from 1983 to 2005. The results showed that: (1) the change of landscape pattern due to human activities was the key reason responsible for the increasing of landscape diversity and fragmentation; (2) the extent of soil degradation was higher near desert ecosystem than oasis, and human activities were the major driving forces in ameliorating the soil properties; and (3) soil degradation is weaker in regions of bad soil quality than regions of good soil quality due to both human activities and natural processes.     

Holocene sediments of Sägistalsee, a small lake at the present-day tree-line in the Swiss Alps

Sägistalsee is a small lake located at the modern tree-line in the Swiss Alps. A 13.5 m long core taken in the central part of the 9.5 m deep basin consists of clayey silts and sands and dates back to about 9000 cal. BP. These sediments have a low organic content that steadily increases from 4–8% loss-on-ignition at 550 °C towards the top of the core, whereas the carbonate content decreases from 20 to about 10% loss-on-ignition at 950 %C. We outline the aims of an interdisciplinary research project centred on the Holocene sediments of Sägistalsee. We also present information about the lake, its sediments, and its catchment that forms the basis for different biotic and abiotic multi-proxy studies carried out on the sediments of Sägistalsee.     

科尔沁沙地生态环境特征分析

科尔沁沙地典型地区生态环境特征的分析表明,40年来科尔沁沙地的年均气温呈逐渐增加的趋势,与全球气温升高变化一致。年降水量的变化呈波动式增加,特别是从20世纪70年代中期到90年代中期年降水量的波动幅度增大。气候类型年际间呈半干旱、半湿润和湿润交替出现,其中半干旱气候出现频率为47．5％,半湿润气候为45％,湿润气候为7．5％。沙尘暴的发生日数从1961年以来呈下降趋势,到1984年以后低于平均水平。科尔沁沙地的土壤和植被的异质性决定了该区域的农牧交错特征,特定的风沙环境促进了农牧交错特征的变化。