日本绿色乡村旅游发展综述及农业遗产地绿色乡村旅游模式的初步探讨（英文）

众多研究认为可持续旅游(Sustainable Tourism)可在平衡保护环境和开发农业遗产地双方利益方面起到关键作用。能登里山里海景观作为日本传统农村景观的一个缩影,在2011年被认定为"全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)"在日本最早的试点地之一。本文先通过分析文献总结了二十几年以来日本绿色乡村旅游发展的历史和现状,并结合农业文化遗产项目的发展目标讨论了在农业遗产地发展绿色乡村旅游的问题和新的机遇。本文以能登半岛一个由农民自发组织运营的农家民宿组织"春兰的故里"作为案例分析。主要的研究问题包括:如何充分利用国际项目来开发日本的绿色乡村旅游;如何在注重经济收入的同时兼顾生态农业的可持续开发?本文采用的研究方法包括文献的分析并多次采访了民宿主人。本研究成果亦提供在偏远地区发展绿色乡村旅游的思路。     

陕北靖边庙梁遗址浮选结果与分析

庙梁遗址是陕北地区仰韶晚期至龙山时期的一处聚落遗址,其出土遗存开启的龙山时代后期"双鋬鬲陶器体系"被认为是石峁文化的重要源头.在发掘过程中对房址、灰坑、灶址等遗迹共采得土样32份,共计143.5 L,其中包括仰韶晚期的样品14份,共67 L;龙山时期的样品18份,共76.5 L.通过对庙梁遗址开展的浮选工作,发现了23...     

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from shrimp hatcheries and cultural ponds on Donghai Island, China

The resistance of bacteria to 12 different antibiotics was investigated in shrimp farms on Donghai Island, China. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found to be widespread in shrimp farms, indicating a high environmental risk. Further, significant differences were found in bacterial strains among farms (ANOVA, p < 0.05), showing resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, compound sinomi, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cefazolin. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among 6 hatcheries evaluated in this study (ANOVA, p > 0.05), between exalted and traditional shrimp ponds (ANOVA, p > 0.05), and between cultural ponds and corresponding control water source sites (T-test, p > 0.05). In cultural ponds, no significant difference in bacterial resistance to antibiotics was found between water and sediment (T-test, p > 0.05), and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from water showed a significant positive correlation with that from sediment (p < 0.05). Therefore, our study indicates that bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) is more widespread in shrimp hatcheries than ponds.     

关于磷石膏尾矿库安全专篇的研究

磷石膏尾矿库是以磷石膏渣堆积起来形成的尾矿库,其安全问题一直是磷化工企业及安全生产管理部门非常关心的问题。根据《尾矿库安全监督管理规定》,尾矿库工程在设计阶段应该编写安全专篇,需要对尾矿库及尾矿坝稳定性、尾矿库防洪能力及排洪设施和安全观测设施的可靠性进行充分论证。3个方面的内容紧密联系,其是否安全可靠决定着尾矿库是否安全运行。针对磷石膏尾矿库的安全专篇问题,分析了专篇中的关键技术内容,对防洪计算、稳定性计算和安全监测分析等方面的本质问题进行了探讨,并将这三者作为一个系统进行分析总结。通过对湖北某磷石膏尾矿工程安全专篇的编写与分析,对具体的技术方法给出了说明。目前尾矿库工程安全问题受到了广泛的关注,其结果提供了比较完整的具体经验,采用的方法和得出的结论对相关工程可以起一定的借鉴作用。     

Are red tides affecting economically the commercialization of the Galician (NW Spain) mussel farming?

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), more specifically red tides, are among the most critical environmental factors affecting mussel cultivation in Galicia (NW Spain), and they often have been blamed for economic losses for producers. This statement is based on the correlation between days of closure of the production areas and unsold product. The present article shows that such a statement is not always correct, at least in the case of Galician mussel farming, because red tides only cause losses to producers under specific circumstances that arise from the impossibility of placing their product in the market. In addition, this article reveals the importance of finding organizational solutions within the framework of the production sector to counteract the impact of this type of phenomenon.     

农谚在河南冬小麦种植及气候适应中的应用

农谚是反映人地关系的地方性知识,研究其在农业生产中的应用及适用性,有助于理解人地关系的变迁及地域特点。收集整理河南冬小麦种植的农谚,归纳总结了冬小麦生育期的农谚时序表。进而利用洛阳、开封、信阳1951—2003年的气象观测数据,分析农谚与气候适应的关系。结果显示,随着气候的变化,农谚中的冬小麦适宜播种期比气象实测的适宜播种期略微早。农谚指出冬小麦越冬期怕冬暖,拔节孕穗期间怕春寒及灌浆需晴暖天气,均与实际观测的气象数据相符合。农谚指出了冬小麦缺水及容易出现旱情的生育阶段,并以此进行旱灾适应。     

Stream water chemistry and quality along an upland–lowland rural land-use continuum, south west England

This study examined stream water quality across a range of catchments which are representative of the key environments and land uses of rural south-west England. These catchments included: (a) an acidic upland headwater catchment, rising on the moorlands of Dartmoor, with low-intensity sheep rearing; (b) a headwater catchment rising on the weathered granite lower slopes of Dartmoor, with cattle farming; (c) a lowland headwater clay catchment with sub-surface drainage and high intensity livestock farming, fodder crop cultivation, and hard-standing/slurry storage; and (d) the main River Taw, a lowland river system receiving drainage from a range of tributaries, exemplified by the above catchment types. Variations in water chemistry and quality were observed along an upland–lowland transition, from headwater streams to the main river channel. Within the livestock-dominated headwater streams, total phosphorus (TP) was dominated by particulate phosphorus (PP). These PP concentrations appeared to be mainly linked to two sets of processes: (1) in-stream sediment precipitation with sorption/co-precipitation of phosphate and/or localised in-channel mobilisation of sediment (by cattle or channel-clearing operations) under low flow conditions, and (2) sediment erosion and transportation associated with near-surface runoff during storm events. Under baseflow conditions, in-stream and/or riparian processes played a significant role in controlling general nutrient chemistry, particularly in the headwater streams which were heavily impacted by livestock.     

Effects of copper and the sea lice treatment Slice on nutrient release from marine sediments

Copper-based antifoulant paints and the sea lice treatment Slice^® are widely used, and often detectable in the sediments beneath farms where they are administered. Ten-day, whole sediment mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine how increasing sediment concentrations of copper or Slice^® influenced final water column concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N), nitrate + nitrite-nitrogen (NO_X-N) and phosphate-phosphorus (PO₄-P) in the presence of the non-target, benthic organisms Corophium volutator and Hediste diversicolor. Nominal sediment concentrations of copper and Slice^® had significant effects on the resulting concentrations of almost all nutrients examined. The overall trends in nutrient concentrations at the end of the 10-day incubations were highly similar between the trials with either copper or Slice^®, irrespective of the invertebrate species present. This suggests that nutrient exchange from the experimental sediments was primarily influenced by the direct effect of copper/Slice^® dose on the sediment microbial community, rather than the indirect effect of reduced bioturbation/irrigation due to increased macrofaunal mortality.     

Basal‐topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide

The Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado has been moving for at least the last few hundred years and has multiple ponds on its surface. We have studied eight ponds during 30 trips to the landslide between July 1998 and July 2007. During each trip, we have made observations on the variability in pond locations and water levels, taken ground‐based photographs to document pond water with respect to moving landslide material and vegetation, conducted Global Positioning System surveys of the elevations of water levels and mapped pond sediments on the landslide surface. Additionally, we have used stereo aerial photographs taken in October 1939, October 1940 and July 2000 to measure topographic profiles of the eight pond locations, as well as a longitudinal profile along the approximate centerline of the landslide, to examine topographic changes over a 60‐ to 61‐year period of time. Results from field observations, analyses of photographs, mapping and measurements indicate that all pond locations have remained spatially stationary for 60–300 years while landslide material moves through these locations. Water levels during the observation period were sensitive to changes in the local, spring‐fed, stream network, and to periodic filling of pond locations by sediment from floods, hyperconcentrated flows, mud flows and debris flows. For pond locations to remain stationary, the locations must mimic depressions along the basal surface of the landslide. The existence of such depressions indicates that the topography of the basal landslide surface is irregular. These results suggest that, for translational landslides that have moved distances larger than the dimensions of the largest basal topographic irregularities (about 200 m at Slumgullion), landslide surface morphology can be used as a guide to the morphology of the basal slip surface. Because basal slip surface morphology can affect landslide stability, kinematic models and stability analyses of translational landslides should attempt to incorporate irregular basal surface topography. Additional implications for moving landslides where basal topography controls surface morphology include the following: dateable sediments or organic material from basal layers of stationary ponds will yield ages that are younger than the date of landslide initiation, and it is probable that other landslide surface features such as faults, streams, springs and sinks are also controlled by basal topography. The longitudinal topographic profile indicated that the upper part of the Slumgullion landslide was depleted at a mean vertical lowering rate of 5.6 cm/yr between 1939 and 2000, while the toe advanced at an average rate of 1.5 m/yr during the same period. Therefore, during this 61‐year period, neither the depletion of material at the head of the landslide nor continued growth of the landslide toe has decreased the overall movement rate of the landslide. Continued depletion of the upper part of the landslide, and growth of the toe, should eventually result in stabilization of the landslide. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南省耕地保护态势与社会责任问题探讨

运用综合分析法、历史分析法、比较分析法等,探讨了耕地保护的责任机制问题.认为政府在耕地保护中应承担主导责任,农民应承担参与责任、企业应承担节地责任.提出了构建新的耕地保护评价指标体系,改进现有管理办法;建立耕地保护的激励机制,提高耕地保护意识和主动性;积极推进全民参与的力度;重视中低产田改造和耕地生态环境防治问题等落实耕地保护共同责任机制的措施和建议.耕地保护需要构建"大家管、大家用、大家负责"的全社会的共同责任机制.