不同养殖模式对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)营养品质及特征风味的影响研究

为研究池塘内循环流水养殖与传统池塘养殖模式条件下鲫鱼的营养品质及特征风味, 对鲫鱼形体、基础营养成分、蒸煮损失和持水力、肌肉蛋白质消化率、氨基酸、脂肪酸和挥发性化合物含量等指标进行分析评价。结果表明: 跑道组和池塘组鲫鱼的形体指标和基础营养成分具有较大差异, 其中跑道组具有高蛋白低脂肪的特点。同时两种养殖模式下鲫鱼的蒸煮损失和持水力相接近。跑道组鲫鱼蛋白质消化率显著高于池塘组鲫鱼(P<0.05)。游离氨基酸分析结果表明跑道组鲫鱼中鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)和甜味氨基酸(谷氨酸和丙氨酸等)含量均显著高于池塘组(P<0.05), 因此跑道组鲫鱼可能具有更佳的风味。此外两种养殖模式下鲫鱼肌肉氨基酸组成无显著差异(P<0.05), 然而跑道组鲫鱼不饱和脂肪酸含量(4.803 8 g/100 g)高于池塘组(1.411 1 g/100 g)。基于GC-IMS结果可知, 两种养殖模式下鲫鱼的挥发性化合物具有显著差异。通过层次聚类热图分析从57种挥发性化合物中筛选出了33种特性差异标记物用以区分不同养殖模式下的鲫鱼。研究结果表明, 池塘内循环流水跑道养殖在一定程度上对鲫鱼营养品质和特征风味有所改善, 可以通过GC-IMS技术进行有效快速鉴别, 同时阐明了风味感官差异的物质基础, 为淡水鱼养殖模式选择和产品定位提供理论基础。     

城乡土地利用中的传统文化保护

传统文化是物质生活和精神生活的历史积淀,是一个民族共有精神家园,而土地则是传统文化的重要物质载体。随着经济社会的快速发展,一些优秀的传统文化也伴随着城乡土地利用变化而随之消失。在建设社会主义文化强国的背景下,城乡土地利用应结合现代农业发展,注重农耕文化的传承;结合新农村建设,强化对传统村落的保护;结合城市更新,加强对传统街区、历史建筑的保护。     

高密度电法勘探数据在Voxler平台的三维可视化展示——及其在尾矿库隐患勘查中的应用

尾矿库内堆放的有污染的固体和液体废物若得不到合理妥善的处理, 会对周边的环境造成严重的污染. 为了确定尾矿库的稳定性, 分析尾矿库内的固、液废弃物对周边土壤和地下水的影响, 急需查明尾矿库的形态特征和库容规模. 高密度电法作为一种常规的物探方法, 以其简便、快捷、高效等特点, 在确定尾矿库形态特征方面成为现场探测的首选技术手段. 本研究运用高密度电法反演得到尾矿库的底界面范围, 并结合钻孔验证, 在Voxler平台构建了尾矿库的可视化三维模型, 从而更加精确计算尾矿砂的方量, 证明了高密度电法在确定尾矿库形态特征中的可行性.     

Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments in detention pond routing with long rainfall duration

This paper establishes a numerical detention pond volume model based on the hydrological continuity equation and the Runge-Kutta numerical method. Experiments for the conditions of both steady and unsteady flow have been used to verify the model. In unsteady flow cases, the outflow hydrograph by numerical simulation are fairly consistent with experimental value. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that wider rectangular sharp-crested weirs or larger rectangular slot tend to induce greater outflow discharges, which undesirably cut down the detention volume. Experiments show that the necessary detention volume of rectangular slot is smaller than that of the rectangular sharp-crested weir for a constant flood peak reduction. That is, the rectangular slot is the recommended outflow device when flood peak reduction is the design criteria. The study also shows that necessary detention volume of the short rainfall duration is less than that of the long rainfall duration under constant allowable maximum discharge.     

赤卫沟金矿池浸生产实践

本文从赤卫沟金矿的矿石性质、矿石加工、池浸方法、金银回收方面,介绍了贫硫化物、金颗粒细微、有一定氧化程度的金矿池浸生产实践。从而推荐一种简便、回收率高、投资少、见效快的提工方法－池浸,以便促进矿业开发工作更快发展。     

Survey of PAH in low density residential stormwater ponds in coastal South Carolina: false dark mussels (Mytilopsis leucophaeata) as potential biomonitors

The distribution of PAHs was studied in sediment and false dark mussels, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, of three brackish stormwater retention ponds on Kiawah Island, a gated residential community and golf resort. Impervious surface in pond watersheds ranged from 5 to 30%. Sediment concentrations were lower than those found in other studies of suburban residential areas, and there were no significant differences among ponds or seasons. Mean summation operatorPAH(16) values for sediments in Ponds 67, 100, and 37 were 184.7+/-101.3ng g(-1), 67.5+/-26.0ng g(-1), and 84.3+/-75.5ng g(-1), respectively. Mussel summation operatorPAH(16) concentrations from Pond 67 in August (mean 734.5+/-148.1ng g(-1)), and from Pond 37 in December (mean 1115.1+/-87.7ng g(-1)), were significantly higher than other ponds. Mean summation operatorPAH(16) values for mussels in Ponds 67, 100, and, 37 were 555.9+/-219.7ng g(-1), 312.5+/-99.1ng g(-1) and 737.8+/-419.8ng g(-1), respectively. The mean biota-to-sediment ratio was 7.6+/-8.1. Isomer ratios generally suggested pyrogenic sources. False dark mussels are a promising indicator species for PAH contamination because they are abundant, easy to sample, bioaccumulate PAH profiles representative of the time-integrated sediment profiles, and their PAH levels are less variable than either stormwater or sediment samples.     

Macroalgal bioindicators (growth, tissue N, delta(15)N) detect nutrient enrichment from shrimp farm effluent entering Opunohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia

Nutrient enrichment from shrimp aquaculture poses an increasing environmental threat due to the industry's projected rapid growth and unsustainable management practices. Traditional methods to monitor impacts emphasize water quality sampling; however, there are many advantages to bioindicators, especially in developing countries. We investigated the usefulness of three bioindicators -- growth, tissue nitrogen content and nitrogen stable isotope signature (delta(15)N) -- in the tropical red macroalga Acanthophora spicifera. Algae were collected, cultured, and deployed in a spatial array around the outflow from a shrimp farm in Moorea, French Polynesia, to detect nitrogenous wastes. All three parameters were highest adjacent to the shrimp farm indicating nutrient enrichment, and delta(15)N values confirmed the shrimp farm as the dominant nutrient source (5.63-5.96 per thousand). Isotope ratios proved the most sensitive indicator, as delta(15)N signatures were detected at the most distant sites tested, confirming their usefulness in tracing nutrients and mapping the spatial extent of enrichment.     

Distribution d'un élément trace (Cr) dans un sol développé sur roches métamorphiques : variabilité à l'échelle d'un versantDistribution of chromium in soils developed into metamorphic rocks: variability at the hillslope scale

The influence of pedogenetic factors onto spatial variability of chromium in soil surface horizon was studied in a metamorphic area (Massif Central, France) at the hillside scale. A grid survey was performed. Surface soil horizons were sampled at each point and analysed in Cr. Results show the determinant influence of the rock type on Cr content distribution along the slope. However, surface horizons of these soils exhibit a lower Cr content heterogeneity than the deeper horizons. This was explained by soils' material erosion and deposition along the slope. Tillage and hedges also influence the Cr distribution in surface horizon along the slope. To cite this article: S. Salvador-Blanes et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 51–58     

岩溶型尾矿库渗滤液重金属污染防治技术研究进展

文章通过对岩溶型尾矿库渗滤液重金属污染防治技术相关方法进行研究,结果表明可渗透反应墙(PRB)处理污染地下水具有初期建设投资低、可以根据所要处理的污染物质灵活选择、运行期不需要能量供给而且处理设施不会占用宝贵的土地资源等显著优点,是岩溶型尾矿渗滤液治理方面最具发展前景的方法之一。     

Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming?

Australian farmers navigate their contemporary circumstances through the use of different business and legal arrangements that are shaped by the commercial realities of farming and the aspirations of farm-owning households. In posing the question ‘Family or Enterprise?’, this paper examines the extent to which various household and farm business indicators are associated with different forms of farm ownership, namely sole proprietorships, partnerships, trusts and companies. Results from a postal survey of farm enterprises in Victoria, Australia suggest that both household and enterprise factors contribute to the business structure used, although the strongest determinants appear to be those factors that are less well understood in the rural geographical and sociological literature: household composition, farmer age and farm size. Greater scrutiny of the business instruments deployed by farmers to manage family and enterprise pressures should inform expectations of the fate of family farming in advanced financialised economies.