公共交通影响下的北京公共服务设施可达性

本文尝试利用大量微观空间数据从供需角度评价北京公共交通影响下的公共服务设施可达性及其空间效率和供需匹配情况,分别采用比例法与最短时间距离法测算公共服务设施的可达性,运用定序变量相关法与因子空间叠置法分析公共设施可达性的供需匹配程度。结果表明：北京居住小区公共设施总体可达性水平较高。其中,4环以内各类公共设施可达性水平最高,居住小区到公共设施的平均时间20分钟内的小区占比高达90%以上;5-6环可达性水平最差,平均时间20分钟内的小区占比在50%以下。高需求高可达性街道比重相对较高,而高需求低可达性街道主要分布于5-6环的东部和北部地区。在公共设施中,小学可达性最好,而医院和购物中心则更强调空间效率。针对识别出的公共设施的高需求低可达性街道,应从出行方式、公共交通线路与公共服务设施建设等方面采取对策,化解公共设施的供需矛盾问题。     

中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力综合分析和应用

该研究利用学术论文数据库筛选出中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力相关论文115篇,并用Origin软件进行了数据统计分析,旨在归纳和分析中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力并建立估算方法,可为正处于规划阶段和可行性研究阶段的过鱼设施流速设计提供依据.结果表明：(1)鱼类游泳速度与鱼体长度具有显著的非线性相关关系,据此建立了一系列幂函数经验公式,可为游泳能力和过鱼设施研究及设计提供依据.(2)依据所得到的经验公式和协方差分析可知,喜流水型鲤科鱼类的游泳能力>广适型>喜静水型.根据该研究得到的经验公式并结合行业规范和文献资料,对正处于规划阶段和可行性研究阶段过鱼设施流速设计的建议如下：西南地区以裂腹鱼成鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.61～0.76m/s,通道内最高流速阈值为1.28 m/s;长江中下游以四大家鱼成鱼为主要过鱼对象的进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.76～0.93m/s,通道内最高流速阈值为1.49 m/s,以四大家鱼幼鱼为主要过鱼对象的进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.42～0.62 m/s,通道内最高流速阈值可为0.82 m/s.     

公路三维模型建立与数据组织

以公路设计数据为基础,讨论了地形、公路及其构造物的三维模型的建立方法。针对公路呈线性分布的特点,采用动态分段技术来组织管理路面三角形数据及道路属性数据,并在三维环境下,对经典的二维线性参照系统进行扩展,使之能满足公路附属设施三维模型的定位及其位置查询,并在具体项目中得到验证。     

Agriculture pest and disease risk maps considering MSG satellite data and land surface temperature

Pest risk maps for agricultural use are usually constructed from data obtained from in-situ meteorological weather stations, which are relatively sparsely distributed and are often quite expensive to install and difficult to maintain. This leads to the creation of maps with relatively low spatial resolution, which are very much dependent on interpolation methodologies. Considering that agricultural applications typically require a more detailed scale analysis than has traditionally been available, remote sensing technology can offer better monitoring at increasing spatial and temporal resolutions, thereby, improving pest management results and reducing costs. This article uses ground temperature, or land surface temperature (LST), data distributed by EUMETSAT/LSASAF (with a spatial resolution of 3 × 3 km (nadir resolution) and a revisiting time of 15 min) to generate one of the most commonly used parameters in pest modeling and monitoring: “thermal integral over air temperature (accumulated degree-days)”. The results show a clear association between the accumulated LST values over a threshold and the accumulated values computed from meteorological stations over the same threshold (specific to a particular tomato pest). The results are very promising and enable the production of risk maps for agricultural pests with a degree of spatial and temporal detail that is difficult to achieve using in-situ meteorological stations.     

农村公共服务设施空间布局优化研究——以北京市顺义区为例

合理布局农村公共服务设施是改善农民生产和生活环境的重要手段之一,也是农村土地综合整治和新农村规划中的重要组成部分。以北京市顺义区为例,首先结合《土地利用现状分类》对公共服务设施的归并特征和实地调查,对顺义区公共服务设施进行级别划分;其次对农村居民点发展实力与乡镇和区(县)级别公共服务设施的通达性进行分析,并确定未来农村居民点发展模式,作为农村公共服务设施空间布局优化的空间依据;最后,以农村医卫慈善用地为例进行公共服务设施空间布局优化的方法探讨,研究成果可为编制城乡统筹和区域均衡发展的土地利用总体规划与土地综合整治规划提供参考。     

Road vehicle-induced vibration control of microelectronics facilities

A hybrid control platform is investigated in this paper to mitigate microvibrations to a group of vibration-sensitive equipment installed in a microelectronics facility subject to nearby road vehicle-induced horizontal and vertical ground motions. The hybrid control platform, on which microelectronics equipment is installed, is mounted on a building floor through a series of passive mounts and controlled by hydraulic actuators in both horizontal and vertical directions. The control platform is an elastic body with significant bending modes of vibration, and a sub-optimal control algorithm is used to manipulate the hydraulic actuators with actuator dynamics included. The finite element model and the equations of motion of the coupled platform-building system are then established in the absolute coordinate to facilitate the feedback control and performance evaluation of the platform. The horizontal and vertical ground vibrations at the base of the building induced by nearby moving road vehicles are assumed to be stationary random processes. A typical three-story microelectronics building is selected as a case study. The case study shows that the vertical vibration of the microelectronics building is higher than the horizontal. The use of a hybrid control platform can effectively reduce both horizontal and vertical microvibrations of the microelectronics equipment to the level which satisfies the stringent microscale velocity requirement specified in the Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) criteria.     

义务教育就近入学优化建模研究

就近入学是国内外义务教育的基本共识,也是我国义务教育制度的重要组成部分。为满足就近入学需求,引入优化建模方法进行义务教育空间布局规划。首先,定义了4种就近入学场景：严格就近入学、学额限制的相对就近入学、学区连续的就近入学,以及学校布局调整下的就近入学,并构造了相关的优化模型,讨论了每个模型的优势与局限。其次,以河南省某县516个居民区和31所初级中学为例,尝试进行多个实验情景下的最优就近入学安排,并进行比较分析。案例研究发现：① 基于现有学校的布局,严格就近入学缺乏可行性;② 打破乡镇行政边界招生,能够显著地降低学生入学距离;③ 考虑学校学额限制后,学生入学距离比严格就近入学增加40.75%;④ 空间连续的学区划分方便义务教育管理,对学生入学距离影响不明显;⑤ 通过模拟少数学校扩建、新建或撤销,学校布局明显改善,学生入学距离比学区连续入学将下降31.32%。整体上,本文将空间指派、服务区划分、设施选址等优化模型用于义务教育就近入学分析,能够为基层义务教育管理提供规划决策建议,也能为其他公共服务设施规划提供参考。     

Evaluation of multi‐use stormwater detention basins for improved urban watershed management

Detention basins are used to capture postdevelopment runoff and control the peak discharge of the outflow using orifices and weirs. The use of detention basins is typical practice in the construction of new developments on the fringe of existing urban areas, such as the Ulsan–Hwabong district in the city of Ulsan, South Korea. In this study, the required volume and flooding area of a detention basin was determined to control development outflow peaks for 2‐year, 10‐year, and 100‐year design storms with type II rainfall distributions as characterized by the US Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service method. The rainfall–runoff simulation model used was the US Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model (EPA‐SWMM) 5, which is the latest version of the software, updated for Windows. We designed three cases of detention basins multi‐staged by 2‐year, 10‐year, and 100‐year design storms and verified the designs with the application of 49 years (1961–2009) of hourly historical rainfall data. The three detention basin designs were compared in terms of the total construction and land costs as well as the benefits associated with recreational facilities or parking lot use. As a result, the design sizes of the detention basins are slightly greater than the actual sizes needed based on the historical rainfall application. Multi‐use detention basins (MDBs) based on 2‐year and 10‐year design storms were found to yield 37.4% and 22.8% benefits, respectively, for recreational facility use compared with detention basins without multi‐use space, and the results also indicate that benefits accrue after 6.5 years for parking lot use. The results of this study suggest that an MDB based on a 2‐year design storm is the most cost‐effective design among the three cases considered for Ulsan, South Korea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海绵城市建设中水文地质调查工作的重要性及其调查内容

本文回顾了海绵城市的概念,论述了水文地质调查工作的重要性,认为海绵城市建设在规划及设计前期进行水文地质调查是非常必要的,是不可简化和省略的工作。明确了场地水文地质调查内容主要包括:场地自然地理条件的调查评价、土壤调查、地下水调查等,同时对低影响开发设施的类型及初步选择作了说明。     

校外托餐场所布局选址与影响因素研究——以西安市雁塔区为例

校外托餐场所作为新型教育辅助设施,主要为中小学生提供餐食休息服务,已逐渐成为学生在家和学校之外的第三活动空间,值得从空间视角深入探究。论文以西安市雁塔区为研究区,基于校外托餐场所及相关兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据,综合运用空间分析、数理统计、实地调研方法,解析校外托餐场所的基本功能、布局选址特征及其影响因素。研究发现：① 校外托餐场所主要服务对象为低年级义务教育阶段具有儿童托管需求的家庭,具有育儿辅助和儿童“中转”“寄存”功能,服务类型包括学生托管、餐饮起居、作业辅导等;② 空间上多分布在雁塔区中部与北部,呈“东—西”走向,与城区空间形态和各街道发展状况相契合,主要开设在传统中多层小区、高层公寓式小区与单位家属院内,集中于1~5层的低楼层;③ 区域人口、教育环境、投资成本和空间位置影响其布局选址,其中中小学数量与分布、小区数量与分布、距中心城区距离影响较为显著。最后,结合需求群体,从城区、街道、门店3个尺度,系统梳理了影响因素,并结合“双减”政策对今后的研究方向进行了展望。