The new politics of pastoralism: Identity,justice and global activism

Concerns with the politics and practices of resource rights and access are integral to contemporary debates over environmental justice. Struggles over identity politics, especially the strategic articulation and deployment of particular identities at diverse geographical scales, have recently emerged as important mediators of justice claims in respect of resources rights, but also of recognition and procedural justice. To date, critical, multi-scalar analyses of identity-based claims for environmental justice have focused largely on the indigenous peoples’ movement. In doing so, they have failed to embrace an emergent dimension of identity-based, trans-scalar justice, namely the fledgling global pastoralists’ movement, the empirical focus for this paper. In the early years of the 21st century mobile pastoralists have begun to carve out new global spaces, through which diverse groups have attempted to negotiate common ground and forge common identities in their struggles for justice. In particular, mobile pastoralists have become increasingly visible in conservation politics and contests over land rights as they lay claim to both discursive and material ground as ‘custodians of the commons’ in an era of global climatic change. This paper draws on empirical work amongst pastoralists, NGOs and activists from Kenya, Mongolia and Spain to explore these identities, their implications for resource rights and access and the multi-scalar chains of accountability and legitimacy between global activists and their local constituents.     

内蒙古苏布格塔蓝闪石片岩基本特征及成因分析

苏布格塔蓝闪石片岩赋存于奥陶纪哈拉哈河组地层中,岩石组合类型多样,据蓝闪石光学特征及电子探针分析结果,认为本区的蓝闪石属铁蓝闪石。蓝闪石片岩的标型矿物组合以蓝闪石+绿帘石+阳起石+多硅白云母+榍石为特点,由泥质碎屑岩变质重结晶形成,原岩形成环境为大陆边缘海盆地。其变质成因,属于与板块运动有关的区域低温中高压动力变质作用形成。     

南岭西段加里东期苗儿山岩体锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

苗儿山岩体位于南岭西段,主体为加里东期花岗岩,少量印支期和早燕山期花岗岩。加里东期花岗岩具块状构造,由早期黑云母花岗闪长岩、中期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和晚期细粒黑(二)云母二长花岗岩组成,以斑状黑云母二长花岗岩为主。对中期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和晚期细粒二云母二长花岗岩各进行了1个样品的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测试,分别得到428.5±3.8 Ma、409±4 Ma的年龄值,反映出早志留世末、志留纪末-泥盆纪初2期岩浆事件。中期主体花岗岩具有富硅(SiO2=70.09%~76.59%)、中铝(Al2O3=12.71%~14.72%)、高钾(K2O=4.48%~5.73%)、中碱(Na2O+K2O=7.24%~7.91%)、高ASI(平均1.15)的特点,总体属高钾钙碱性系列过铝质花岗岩类。主体花岗岩微量元素中Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti表现为明显亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等则相对富集,稀土总量中等(179.8×10-6~270.6×10-6),轻稀土富集[(La/Yb)N=5.07~14.33],具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.15~0.46)。岩体具有较高的ISr值(0.70660~0.72082)和较低的εNd(t)值(-8.29~-7.94),两阶段Nd模式年龄(t2DM)为1.81~1.84 Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示源岩为变质泥质岩和碎屑岩。上述地球化学特征表明花岗岩为S型花岗岩,源岩主要为中、上地壳岩石。花岗岩氧化物和微量元素构造环境判别图解指示岩体形成于后碰撞构造环境。基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断加里东期苗儿山花岗岩的具体形成机制为:在陆内强挤压之后挤压应力相对松弛、压力降低的后碰撞构造环境下,因地壳增厚而升温的中、上地壳岩石减压熔融并向上侵位。结合区域资料分析,苗儿山地区在奥陶纪末-志留纪初北流运动和志留纪后期的广西运动中均产生过强烈的陆内挤压和地壳增厚。     

冰后回弹对全球及中国参考框架的影响分析

文章利用ICE-5G模型发布的最新预报值,计算分析了冰后回弹对全球和中国区域的影响,发现冰后回弹不仅会引起垂直方向的地壳运动,而且还会引起水平方向的地壳运动,但是水平方向的量级要明显小于垂直方向.全球范围内最大回弹区域位于加拿大,大约为16mm/a,而由冰后回弹所引起的地壳水平方向运动达3mm/a.这个回弹量级对于维持毫米级ITRF的稳定所造成的影响是不容忽视的.中国范围内回弹值大概在0～0.7mm/a,这个量级对于参考框架的影响基本可以忽略.     

How to compare movement? A review of physical movement similarity measures in geographic information science and beyond

In geographic information science, a plethora of different approaches and methods is used to assess the similarity of movement. Some of these approaches term two moving objects similar if they share akin paths. Others require objects to move at similar speed and yet others consider movement similar if it occurs at the same time. We believe that a structured and comprehensive classification of movement comparison measures is missing. We argue that such a classification not only depicts the status quo of qualitative and quantitative movement analysis, but also allows for identifying those aspects of movement for which similarity measures are scarce or entirely missing.

In this review paper we, first, decompose movement into its spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal movement parameters. A movement parameter is a physical quantity of movement, such as speed, spatial path, or temporal duration. For each of these parameters we then review qualitative and quantitative methods of how to compare movement. Thus, we provide a systematic and comprehensive classification of different movement similarity measures used in geographic information science. This classification is a valuable first step toward a GIS toolbox comprising all relevant movement comparison methods.     

鲜水河断裂带现今断层运动短周期事件的发现与初步研究

根据鲜水河断裂带上连续动态地壳形变台阵数据，首次揭示了中国大陆板内断层现今运动的短周期现象，包括蠕变阶、蠕变坡和脉动等，其持续时间为数分钟至数十小时。发现其空间分布与断层分段（闭锁或活动段）有关；其时间分布与强地震孕育过程有关。蠕变过程符合Ｌｏｍｎｉｚ提出的对数蠕变函数，可能是断层面不均匀结构中的局部流变行为。断层短周期事件对揭示断层不均匀结构和微破裂过程动力学有重要意义，并可能发展为一种新的地震前兆     

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海底扩张的潮汐模式

2000年6月底，东京以南的伊豆岛开始发生火山与地震活动。此后，在伊豆岛观测到异常的地壳变形，8月底，火山与地震活动达到高潮。对潮汐与火山和地震活动的关系进行了分析，认为：地壳变形是由伊豆岛的岩脉侵入引起的，并且与强潮汐天文条件相对应。根据观测和计算数据提出了海底扩张的潮汐模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地及其周边的新构造运动

本区新构造运动十分活跃,表现出多次波动性,周边山系呈不均衡抬升,盆地则呈不均衡沉降,因此使盆地呈现不对称的簸箕状,盆地中的水系结构也呈现不对称性。区内构造变形主要有褶皱、断裂、新隆起、新坳陷、拱曲和掀斜等,并产生现代地震、地热和火山活动。不均衡掀斜是导致上述现象的根本原因。