The Belt and Road: Geographical pattern and regional risks

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Building the Belt and Road is initiatives of China to promote win-win international cooperation in the new era, aiming at green, health, intellect and peace and...     

“黑格比”台风浙沪交界极端降水及物理量特征分析

利用全国综合气象信息共享平台(CIMISS)地面站点降水资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心逐小时再分析资料,分析“黑格比”台风登陆后在浙江嘉兴、上海金山交界地区(简称“关注区”)产生的极端降水及相关物理量特征,结果表明：(1)此次降水过程的小时雨强、日降水和过程降水均具有很强的极端性,部分测站达十年一遇甚至是百年一遇标准,杭州湾北岸强降水的极端性比南岸更显著;(2)关注区对流层低层充足的水汽,以及高低层冷、暖平流的叠加,为极端降水发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件和不稳定条件;(3)根据物理量的逐小时演变,呈现出低层辐散、高层辐合的环流增强,以及低层强烈的涡旋运动,关注区强降水也随之发生;(4)此次极端暴雨过程850 hPa第二类热成风螺旋度极值和地面散度经极值排序后呈现较高的百分位置,在相似台风中均具有显著的极端性,对类似路径、小体积台风极端降水的发生具有较好的指示意义。     

Thermal fronts and cross-frontal heat flux in the southern Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

Synoptic features in/around thermal fronts and cross-frontal heat fluxes in the southern Huanghai./Yellow Sea and East China Sea （HES） were examined using the data collected from four airborne expendable bathythermograph surveys with horizontal approxmately 35 km and vertical 1 m（from the surface to 400 m deep） spacings. Since the fronts are strongly affected by HES current system, the synoptic thermal features in/around them represent the interaction of currents with surrounding water masses. These features can not be obtained from climatological data. The identified thermal features are listed as follows ： （ 1 ） multiple boundaries of cold water, asymmetric thermocline intrusion, locally-split front by homogeneous water of approxmately 18 ℃, and mergence of the front by the Taiwan Warm Current in/around summertime southern Cheju - Changjiang/Yangtze front and Tsushima front; （2） springtime frontal eddy-like feature around Tsushima front; （3） year-round cyclonic meandering and summertime temperature-inversion at the bottom of the surface mixed layer in Cheju - Tsushima front; and （4） multistructure of Kuroshio front. In the Kuroshio front the mean variance of vertical temperature gradient is an order of degree smaller than that in other HES fronts. The southern Cheju- Changjiang front and Cheju -Tsushima front are connected with each other in the summer with comparable cross-frontal temperature gradient. However, cross-frontal heat flux and lateral eddy diffusivity are stronger in the southern Cheju - Changjiang front. The cross-frontal heat exchange is the largest in the mixing zone between the modified Huanghai Sea bottom cold water and the Tsushima Warm Current, which is attributable to enhanced thermocline intrusions.     

Observation and study on the whole process of cloud-to-ground lightning using narrowband radio interferometer

A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes.     

The Kellwasser events in the Upper Devonian Frasnian to Famennian transition in the Toc Tat Formation,northern Vietnam

Upper Devonian carbonates of the Toc Tat Formation in the Si Phai Pass area of Dong Van District, northern Vietnam were deposited in carbonate platform, slope, and basin environments. These carbonates yield abundant conodonts indicative of the Palmatolepis nasuta, Pa. linguiformis and Pa. triangularis zones, the Frasnian–Famennian stage boundary being identified by the first occurrence of Pa. triangularis. Two positive carbon isotope excursions are recognized, the lower excursion peaking in the interval of the lower to middle Pa. nasuta Zone, whilst the upper excursion peaks just above the local Frasnian–Famennian boundary. Based on the biostratigraphy, these excursions equate to the Lower and Upper Kellwasser events. Locally, tentaculitoid taxa (Nowakia, Styliolina, Homoctenus, and Metastyliolina?) are abundant in the interval of the Pa. nasuta Zone, but show a drastic decline in abundance before the Lower Kellwasser Event, and only two taxa survived into the Famennian.     

ENSO冷暖事件与郑州地区汛期气候异常关系

利用1951—2000年郑州站汛期气温和降水资料，分析了ENSO冷暖事件与郑州地区汛期气候异常的关系。结果发现：ENS0冷暖事件对郑州地区汛期降水和气温均有较大影响，对降水异常的影响更显著。暖事件出现当年，郑州地区汛期易出现降水异常偏少，次年则易出现降水异常偏多；冷事件出现当年，郑州地区汛期降水易出现异常偏多，次年降水出现异常的几率较小。     

疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候的响应

为了明确疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候事件的响应关系,选取疏勒河流域内及其周边的托勒、敦煌、瓜州、玉门、酒泉、马鬃山等气象站点的气温、降水和蒸发的日值数据,昌马堡水文站的日径流数据,通过趋势分析、滑动平均、主成分分析等方法,分析疏勒河流域极端气候指数、极端水文事件的年际变化规律以及影响极端水文事件的因素,并明确该流域极端洪水年内分布特征。结果表明:疏勒河流域年际气温升高趋势明显,降水量呈波动变化,增加趋势不明显,而蒸发量呈下降的变化趋势。表征高温的极端气温指数呈显著上升趋势,表征低温的极端气温指数呈显著下降趋势,说明疏勒河流域气温增幅明显。极端降水指数呈显著的增加趋势。该流域极端洪水事件和频次呈上升趋势,而极端枯水事件和频次呈下降趋势。极端洪水事件主要受控于极端降水事件,特别是极端降水总量,极端高温事件对极端洪水总量的增加也有影响,而极端枯水事件主要受控于极端低温事件。此外,2000-2016年年最大洪峰流量出现的时间有由8月向7月转变的趋势。     

1955-2005年中国极端气温的变化

利用1955-2005年中国234站逐日最高、最低气温资料,通过计算趋势系数等,研究了中国年、季极端气温变化趋势的时空特征。结果表明：空间分布上,我国年和四季的极端低温均表现出稳定的增温趋势;年、春季和夏季极端高温在黄河下游地区出现了较明显的降温趋势,而在华南地区增温趋势较显著;时间演变上,无论年还是四季,极端低温的增温幅度明显大于极端高温的增幅;极端气温在四季均有增温趋势,尤其以冬季的升温最明显;年极端高温和低温的年代际变化基本一致。     

2008年“威马逊”台风期间海上大气波导时空特征

结合 MM5数值模拟结果、天气图和卫星云图,系统分析了2008年“威马逊”台风引起的大气波导特征.本次台风过程中发生的大都为悬空大气波导,位于台风涡旋之外的西北部,台风越近波导高度、强度、厚度越大;同时数值模拟表明陆地地形对海上本次大气波导形成具有一定影响.利用大气波导这一特殊大气层结可以很好的评估和预测电磁波传播和海上探测通信系统