基于LSDYNA的射流式液动锤回程动力 外传机构研究

设计一种改变冲击应力波在射流式液动锤内传播途径的结构,分析在不同传播途径中应力波衰减程度的改变,基于LSDYNA显式动力学分析方法,对冲锤回程阶段进行仿真分析,探究冲锤回程冲击在液动锤内两种不同传播途径的模型中射流元件受到的应力变化。研究表明,动力外传机构通过避免对缸体上部的刚性碰撞,能大大降低射流元件所受到的冲击应力,并且外传机构的几何参数对应力的衰减也有一定的影响。     

功能联系视角下珠三角扩容的规划探索

新型城镇化进程中,合理、有序地引导城市群扩容已经日益成为重要的规划议题。基于相关文献,研究归纳了功能联系视角下城市群空间网络的主要特征。首先,城市联系的绝对强度是界定城市群的重要依据;其次,相对于外部的城市联系,城市群内部的功能联系分配应占有明显优势的相对比例;再次,城市群内部网络应以多向联系为主,而非指向单一的中心城市。在这一原则下,以广东新型城镇化战略的区域空间结构为目标,从联系强度、网络群集性、空间邻近性等指标进行综合判别,实现了对清远、河源、阳江、汕尾和云浮5个潜在扩容对象城市的优选比较,提出了珠三角城市群近期扩容的优选对象,在此基础上,结合定性比较的方式对广东区域空间结构的长远发展提出了规划展望。     

日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术现状与发展趋势

既有钢筋混凝土结构的丰富而可靠的抗震加固技术是提升我国建筑物抗震性能,实现社会可持续发展的重要保障.在长期工程实践的积累中,日本建筑界逐渐发展出一套行之有效的抗震性能评估、加固设计体系和多种多样的抗震加固技术,值得我国借鉴.文章在简要回顾日本抗震加固设计方法之后,介绍了日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的传统方法,总结了近年来在传统加固方法基础上所做的改良,并在此基础上,从外附子结构、消能减震化和自复位技术等3个方面归纳了日本新一代钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术的发展趋势.     

Estimating Climate-Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO₂ and a 2xCO₂ climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO₂ analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.     

非均匀载荷和内压作用下石油套管的抗挤能力分析

油井套管往往处于管内外复杂的受力环境下,揭示和分析这些因素对套管抗挤能力的影响就显得非常重要,并可为套管强度设计提供理论依据。根据套管在受到外部非均匀载荷和内压作用下的受力特点和材料力学理论,建立了单位长度的理想圆管的环向应力的计算模型,得到了套管内外壁的环向应力分布规律。计算结果表明：套管发生破坏失效位置在圆周方向与最大水平地应力成90°角的内壁上。依据Von Mises屈服准则由失效点得到了非均匀外挤载荷和内压作用下套管屈曲时抗外挤能力的新公式。实例计算表明：在影响套管的抗挤能力的因素中,外载荷的非均匀系数对套管抗外挤能力影响最大,外载荷的非均匀系数越大,套管抗外挤能力下降得越快;在外载荷非均匀性较小的条件下,提高套管外载荷承载能力可通过增大内压和减小套管径厚比来实现。     

Incorporating elevation in rainfall interpolation in Tunisia using geostatistical methods

Abstract

This paper compares the performance of three geostatistical algorithms, which integrate elevation as an auxiliary variable: kriging with external drift (KED); kriging combined with regression, called regression kriging (RK) or kriging after detrending; and co-kriging (CK). These three methods differ by the way by in which the secondary information is introduced into the prediction procedure. They are applied to improve the prediction of the monthly average rainfall observations measured at 106 climatic stations in Tunisia over an area of 164 150 km² using the elevation as the auxiliary variable. The experimental sample semivariograms, residual semivariograms and cross-variograms are constructed and fitted to estimate the rainfall levels and the estimation variance at the nodes of a square grid of 20 km?×?20 km resolution and to develop corresponding contour maps. Contour diagrams for KED and RK were similar and exhibited a pattern corresponding more closely to local topographic features when (a) the network is sparse and (b) the rainfall–elevation correlation is poor, while CK showed a smooth zonal pattern. Smaller prediction variances are obtained for the RK algorithm. The cross-validation showed that the RMSE obtained for CK gave better results than for KED or RK.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor C. Onof

Citation Feki, H., Slimani, M., and Cudennec, C., 2012. Incorporating elevation in rainfall interpolation in Tunisia using geostatistical methods. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1294–1314.     

Geostatistical radar–raingauge merging: A novel method for the quantification of rain estimation accuracy

Compared to other estimation techniques, one advantage of geostatistical techniques is that they provide an index of the estimation accuracy of the variable of interest with the kriging estimation standard deviation (ESD). In the context of radar–raingauge quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), we address in this article the question of how the kriging ESD can be transformed into a local spread of error by using the dependency of radar errors to the rain amount analyzed in previous work. The proposed approach is implemented for the most significant rain events observed in 2008 in the Cévennes-Vivarais region, France, by considering both the kriging with external drift (KED) and the ordinary kriging (OK) methods. A two-step procedure is implemented for estimating the rain estimation accuracy: (i) first kriging normalized ESDs are computed by using normalized variograms (sill equal to 1) to account for the observation system configuration and the spatial structure of the variable of interest (rainfall amount, residuals to the drift); (ii) based on the assumption of a linear relationship between the standard deviation and the mean of the variable of interest, a denormalization of the kriging ESDs is performed globally for a given rain event by using a cross-validation procedure. Despite the fact that the KED normalized ESDs are usually greater than the OK ones (due to an additional constraint in the kriging system and a weaker spatial structure of the residuals to the drift), the KED denormalized ESDs are generally smaller the OK ones, a result consistent with the better performance observed for the KED technique. The evolution of the mean and the standard deviation of the rainfall-scaled ESDs over a range of spatial (5–300 km²) and temporal (1–6 h) scales demonstrates that there is clear added value of the radar with respect to the raingauge network for the shortest scales, which are those of interest for flash-flood prediction in the considered region.     

地球外部扰动重力严密改化模型及分析检验

直接积分模型是计算地球外部扰动重力的主要数学工具,将全球积分模型改化为局域积分模型是实现地球外部重力场赋值的前提条件.相比表层积分模型和向上延拓积分模型,Stokes积分模型要求的输入信息种类最少,故在减轻数据保障压力方面具有比较明显的优势.在实施Stokes积分模型工程化应用过程中,我们发现扰动重力径向分量积分模型从地球外部逼近边界面时存在比较严重的数值不连续性问题,本文研究并指出了存在该问题的内在原因,同时提出了保持该模型连续性的修正方法;针对三分量计算模型存在的积分奇异性问题和传统改化方法存在的理论缺陷,提出综合采用移去恢复运算和积分恒等式转换技术,同时依据实测数据保障条件,分步实施扰动重力三分量全球积分模型改化的技术流程和方法,推出了三分量积分模型的分步改化公式,提出了补偿传统改化模型缺陷的修正公式.以超高阶地球位模型EGM2008作为检核参考位场,开展模型对比计算数值试验,分别对本文推出的扰动重力三分量不同阶段改化模型的计算精度进行了分析检验和评估,验证了采用严密改化模型的必要性和有效性.

     

2003年以来长春市城市功能用地演替

城市空间的增长不仅仅表现在城市用地的扩张,还表现在城市功能用地的演替。城市功能用地的演替可以更加深刻地揭示城市空间外延式水平扩展的内在特征,是城市功能集聚与扩散的空间反映。以长春市中心城区为例,利用2003、2007、2010、2012年4个年份的遥感影像图、地形图及城市用地现状图等数据资源,借助Arc GIS、Auto CAD等软件,运用GIS分析方法,在分析中心城区城市空间扩展的总体格局及城市用地结构变化的基础上,提出以外部扩展与内部更替来表达城市功能用地的演替,进而阐释城市空间扩展及城市功能集聚与扩散的内在特征,为城市空间扩展的研究提供一种新的、有效的手段,以丰富城市空间研究的理论成果体系。     

城市区域内建筑物墙体内外壁表面温度特征的比较研究

使用12月、4月、8月昆明城市区域内建筑物墙体内外壁表面温度的观测资料，分析了不同朝向墙体内外壁表面温度的特征、变化规律及差异。结果表明：4月和8月墙体内外壁表面温度较高，12月较低；不同朝向墙体之间的差异以天气晴朗的4月和12月较大，多云天8月最小；4月和8月E向墙体的内外壁表面温度均最大，S向次之，N向最小：而12月S向墙体的内外壁表面温度在一段时段内甚至超过了E向；内壁表面温度的日较差低于外壁表面，且其出现最高、最低温度的时间均较外壁表面有所延滞。