EXTERNAL CONTROL OF NONMETROPOLITAN INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY

The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA.     

旅游生态环境容量的经济学探讨

在总结旅游环境容量研究进展的基础上，提出了研究旅游环境容量意义及其概念体系，并就影响旅游环境容量的关键性因子－旅游生态环境容量进行了分析，运用经济学的理论和方法，提出了引起旅游生态环境容量的深层原因是外部不经济性，最后就为了实现资源环境的可持续发展，应该从法律、行政，经济、社会等角度对社会各利益加以协调，构建了有效的制度平台和相应的措施，使外部成本内部化，并提出了解决这些问题的具体对策和建议。     

苏南地区近20年城市用地扩展的特点与问题

城市用地规模扩大和结构演变是城市化过程在空间地域上所反映的重要特征。随着城市人口快速增长、经济建设和各项事业的不断发展,城市用地规模迅速扩大,城乡用地矛盾也日趋突出,尤其是本来人多地少的苏南地区更是如此。本文试图通过近20年苏州、无锡和常州三市用地扩展和结构演变特点、问题和发展趋势分析,探讨城市建设用地扩展的宏观调控对策,为城乡土地规划和管理提供决策参考。     

Evaluating the Temporal and Spatial Urban Expansion Patterns of Guangzhou from 1979 to 2003 by Remote Sensing and GIS Methods

China has experienced and is experiencing expeditious urban expansion in the recent decades, especially in the coastal areas and big cities. Rapid urban expansion and dramatic changes of landscape have caused great economic, environmental and social impacts consequently. It is crucial to understand urban temporal, spatial expansion patterns and their related effects. In this paper, urban expansion of Guangzhou, a rapid growing city in south‐east China, from 1979 to 2003 is studied temporally and spatially. Four time ranges including 1979–1990, 1990–1995, 1995–2000 and 2000–2003 are designed and the urban expansion area, expansion rate and the spatial expansion pattern are discussed by using remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Two transects are designed along two axes of Guangzhou expansion and the structural of urban expansion patches at different orientations are compared in order to quantitively understand the urban expansion of Guangzhou during the past 24 years. The gradient analysis integrating multi‐temporal data is performed in order to analyze and compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion. Two indices of compactness and fractal dimensional index are used to describe the urban developing pattern in the study time durations. And the influence of different types of traffic roads to urban expansion is evaluated using the buffer analysis of GIS. The results show that: (1) temporally, urban area of Guangzhou increase 296.54 km² from 141.15 km² in 1979 to 437.70 km² in 2003 and the increasing rate is up to 210.08%; (2) spatially, Guangzhou has different urban expanding directions in different stages and the general expanding directions are towards northeast, north, southeast and north in four studied time ranges; (3) transportation lines play a very important role in urban expansion of Guangzhou, but different types of road have different impacts. National roads and highways exhibit stronger control to urban expansion than provincial roads; and (4) expansion of Guangzhou has gradually changed from a compact pattern to leapfrogging and disordering patterns.     

北京城市住宅土地市场空间异质性模拟与预测

土地制度转型和空间重构背景下,价格信号在土地区位配置及空间结构塑造方面发挥出有效性。基于北京市2004-2009 年居住用地出让地块微观数据,利用空间扩展模型、地理加权回归模型和特征价格模型对居住用地价格影响因素及其空间异质性进行了有效检验和预测。模型结果表明：① 居住用地价格影响因素存在着显著的空间异质性,重点小学、轨道交通和公园等设施便利性因素在不同区域对地价的作用强度存在明显差异。② 相比于特征价格模型和空间扩展模型,GWR模型能够有效刻画土地市场空间异质性的离散性、突变性和跳跃性,因而其对居住用地影响因素的空间异质性刻画和居住用地价格的预测最为准确。③ 居住用地价格影响因素的空间异质性表明居住用地子市场存在的可能性,利用GWR模型对地价影响因素的估计可以为土地子市场的划分提供方法借鉴。     

基于夜间灯光影像数据的黄河流域中心城市建成区空间扩展及动力因子分析

研究黄河流域建成区扩展特征有助于透视用地开发效果和践行中心城市高质量发展规划。基于1992、1997、2002、2007、2012、2018年6期夜间灯光影像与统计数据,提取建成区范围,采用扩展强度指数、紧凑度指数、协调发展系数与灰色关联分析,探究1992—2018年黄河流域8个中心城市扩展的时空格局、质量及动力因子。结果表明：（1）黄河流域中心城市建成区面积分化明显,中下游城市扩展规模和强度大,扩展形态呈紧凑度普遍下降趋势。（2）夜间灯光影像数据刻画的西安建成区综合水平高、西宁水平低,银川综合发展快、兰州慢;除西宁、呼和浩特与太原外,其他中心城市平均夜间灯光指数在1997—2018年呈下降趋势,反映城市扩展水平降低。（3）中心城市人口-土地协调发展系数均呈波动下降趋势,除呼和浩特、太原和济南外,人口-土地由基本协调型向土地过快扩展型转变;中心城市经济-土地协调发展系数呈波动下降趋势,经济年均增长率降低,建成区面积年均扩展率增加,基本由经济过快增长型向经济-土地协调发展型转变。（4）中心城市空间扩展主要受经济发展（地区生产总值）影响;从中心城市整体看,全时段（1996—2018年）行政力（固定资产投资）和内源力（人口规模）影响作用较大,分时段（1996—2002年、2002—2012年与2012—2018年）行政力影响系数亦较高,市场力（社会消费品零售总额）与外向力（实际利用外资额）影响作用程度随时间增加明显。新时期黄河流域中心城市空间扩展应注重内部提质增效,提高建设用地利用效率,促进城市高质量发展。     

A cavity expansion–based solution for interpretation of CPTu data in soils under partially drained conditions

A cavity expansion–based solution is proposed in this paper for the interpretation of CPTu data under a partially drained condition. Variations of the normalized cone tip resistance, cone factor, and undrained-drained resistance ratio are examined with different initial specific volume and overconsolidation ratio, based on the exact solutions of both undrained and drained cavity expansion in CASM, which is a unified state parameter model for clay and sand. A drainage index is proposed to represent the partially drained condition, and the critical state after expansion and stress paths of cavity expansion are therefore predicted by estimating a virtual plastic region and assuming a drainage-index–based mapping technique. The stress paths and distributions of stresses and specific volume are investigated for different values of drainage index, which are also related to the penetration velocity with comparisons of experimental data and numerical results. The subsequent consolidation after penetration is thus predicted with the assumption of constant deviatoric stress during dissipation of the excess pore pressure. Both spherical and cylindrical consolidations are compared for dissipation around the cone tip and the probe shaft, respectively. The effects of overconsolidation ratio on the stress paths and the distributions of excess pore pressure and specific volume are then thoroughly investigated. The proposed solution and the findings would contribute to the interpretation of CPTu tests under a random drained condition, as well as the analysis of pile installation and the subsequent consolidation.     

基于外部性理论的湿地退化成因分析及对策研究

基于生态经济学中的外部性原理,结合湿地生态系统的准公共物品属性、外部经济性、外部不经济性以及代际外部性等属性,分析湿地退化的成因.结果表明：湿地萎缩加剧、生态服务功能衰退主要是由于人类缺乏对湿地功能与效益的正确认识,以及不合理的利益分配机制导致的成本外溢现象,从事湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有的补偿,负外部性行为未付出应有的代价,并提出应建立因地制宜的多元化生态补偿机制.     

闽江河口湿地典型植物群落及交错带植硅体碳分布特征研究

湿地既是"碳汇"也是"碳源",研究发现,碳可以被长久稳定地封存在植硅体内,不同植物的植硅体封存碳的能力有明显差异。选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地芦苇群落、短叶茳芏群落、互花米草群落及交错带为研究对象,研究这3种植物植硅体碳(Phytolith-Occluded Carbon,简称PhytOC)含量和储量的空间变化特征和影响因素,探讨PhytOC含量在纯群落和交错带的差异,为研究植物竞争和碳循环过程提供依据。结果表明:受水文条件、植物生长和空间扩展等影响,闽江河口湿地植物PhytOC含量整体表现为近岸区高于近海区,PhytOC储量表现为纯群落高于交错带。PhytOC含量依次表现为芦苇纯群落(4.14 mg/g) > 交错带芦苇(3.67 mg/g) > 与芦苇交错的短叶茳芏(3.08 mg/g) > 互花米草纯群落(2.70 mg/g) > 与互花米草交错的短叶茳芏(1.96 mg/g) > 交错带互花米草(1.86 mg/g) > 短叶茳芏纯群落(1.75 mg/g)。短叶茳芏与芦苇相互扩展中短叶茳芏植物整体及各器官PhytOC含量均升高,而与互花米草相互扩展时短叶茳芏除了根系、茎以外各器官PhytOC含量均下降。3种植物各器官在交错带中PhytOC储量分配比明显不同于纯群落,根系PhytOC储量的分配比上升,提高了根系竞争力。芦苇、短叶茳芏、互花米草通过植硅体封存的碳储量分别占植物碳储量的0.27%、0.15%和0.07%,但植物间的扩展过程影响了植物的PhytOC储量,其中短叶茳芏与互花米草形成的交错带中短叶茳芏下降幅度最高(56.29%),互花米草下降幅度最低(26.15%)。由此可见,植物的空间扩展对植物PhytOC含量、储量以及在不同器官的分配比都有一定的影响,短叶茳芏在与芦苇和互花米草竞争时分别采取不同的PhytOC分配机制。     

Magnitude of latent heat in thermally loaded clays

Temperature changes are known to induce specific couplings in clay, in particular, an anomalously high thermal pressurization in undrained conditions or a thermal compaction in drained conditions, both of which are potential threats for the mechanical stability and sealing capacity of the geomaterials. Thermodynamical analysis of those peculiar thermomechanical couplings points to a potentially important latent energy, which in turn could limit the temperature change upon heating or cooling. The direct measurement of latent energy developed during a laboratory geomechanical test is challenging. Instead, proper identification of thermal hardening in conventional experiments with temperature changes provides an alternative route to estimate latent energy. In this work, existing laboratory thermomechanical tests of clays are analyzed with a rigorous thermodynamic framework to quantify the magnitude of latent energy in thermomechanically loaded clays. A thermodynamically consistent constitutive model for fully saturated clays that combines two key features, (a) the temperature dependence of the blocked energy and (b) the framework of bounding plasticity, is proposed. The performance of the model is validated by reproducing results obtained in laboratory tests for Boom and Opalinus clays. The thermomechanical loads considered to validate the model performance were then used to estimate the percentage of work that remains latent in the clayey material during plastic yielding. We find that the magnitude of latent energy is quite significant, typically a few tens of percent of the total dissipated energy, and increases significantly with temperature. Accordingly, it is expected to play an important role in the thermomechanical response of clays.