油气田勘查中的核探测技术和异常解释方法

介绍了油气田勘查中应用核探测技术和异常解释模式所取得的一些成果。实践表明核探测技术能快速解决油气田边界位置的确定、解释并计算油气田的埋藏深度。利用大庆油田油气化探(含放射性)资料,解释并计算了油气田的埋藏深度。经对已知油气藏35口油气化探井(其中12口为含放射性井)的检验,预测埋深与实际埋深相对误差为≥30%的井有6口,其中2口为含放射性井,为总井数的17 14%(其中含放射性井占总含放射性井的16 67%);相对误差<30%的井有29口,其中10口井为含放射性井,为总井数的82 86%(其中含放射性井占总含放射性井的83 33%)。充分证明了所建立的确定油气藏空间位置数学模型的可行性、有效性和实用性。放射性测量所用的仪器具有灵敏度高、轻便、易携带和操作简单等特点,它的异常解释处理也较为简单,效果也较好。因此,在油气田地质勘查中,它有很大的发展潜力,值得进一步开展试验、探索和研究。     

大兴安岭中段地球物理特征及其地质解释

以区域地质资料和物性资料为依据 ,对大兴安岭中段地区重、磁异常特征及其对应的地质情况进行综合解释 ;探讨区域矿产分布与重磁场的关系 ,以及不同属性矿产的磁异常特点 ,指出该区重磁异常寻找多金属矿床有指导作用     

“社会—生态系统”治理研究的原型分析：概念、方法和展望

“社会—生态系统”治理的关键挑战是知识的积累和转移。一方面,“社会—生态系统”的情景依赖使得很难得出有关有效治理的一般结论;另一方面,通用的制度设计又可能由于过于抽象而无法应用于具体的问题。这看似是一个“无解”的问题。但是,比较分析现实中成功或失败的治理案例,为寻找“社会—生态系统”治理之道提供了可能。在“社会—生态系统”治理研究中,原型揭示了人与自然互动中反复出现的规律(pattern),成为一种新的研究方法。论文厘清了原型的概念与特征,阐述了原型分析的意义,梳理并评述了原型分析在“社会—生态系统”治理研究领域的进展。研究发现：① 原型分析在一个中间抽象层次上探索解释某个现象的重复模式,可视为案例中的“积木”;② 应将原型分析作为一种基于整体主义的方法论(methodological holism)来理解,而不是一种特定的方法、框架或理论;③ 原型分析能促进案例研究知识的积累与转移、“兼容”多种研究方法并在“社会—生态系统”治理中实现一定程度的预测性;④ 原型分析基于“类型—子类型”的多层次分析,有助于找到复杂“社会—生态系统”中的“强”因果关系;⑤ 原型不仅是研究的结果,也是研究的起点,对原型的测试、修正、完善和可信度检验是未来研究的重要方向。     

旅游解说系统的设计探讨--以重庆缙云山为例

文章提出了旅游风景区解说系统的概念,并对旅游活动的解说特征、设计要素进行了分析,认为风景区解说系统应包括交通导引解说系统、接待基础设施解说系统、景区解说系统、游客中心。最后,对重庆国家级重点风景区———缙云山的景区特征与资源赋存进行了分析,并提出了缙云山旅游解说系统的设计方案。     

浅谈高密度电法在隐伏断裂探测中的应用

高密度电法基本原理与传统电阻率法相同,因此高密度电法也被称作是直流高密度电阻率法。近年来该方法被广泛的应用在重大工程场地的工程地质调查、坝基及桥墩选址、采空区及地裂缝探测等众多工程勘察领域。本文阐述了应用高密度电法对金州断裂普兰店一九寨段进行详细勘查,检验该方法的准确性、可靠性、适宜性及抗干扰能力。     

神经网络方法在岩性识别中的应用

在可地浸砂岩型铀矿测井工作中,铀矿地球物理测井方法提供了电阻率、密度、声波等多种地球物理参数。通过采用神经网络方法,利用上述参数．进行钻孔岩性识别的有关研究,确定了B-P网络结构及算法,并进行了初步应用和对比。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

两种突水系数计算公式的比较

《煤矿床水文地质、工程地质及环境地质勘查评价标准》和《煤矿防治水规定》中各给出了一个突水系数计算公式,分别称为公式（1）和公式（2）。比较发现,两个计算公式在参数的选择、规定的正常块段的l临界突水系数、安全系数、使用的方便程度4方面是不同的,并逐一进行了分析。然后以山西省临县新民煤矿1井田9号煤层的开采为例,进行了突水系数的计算。结果表明,采用公式（1）计算出的突水系数大于采用公式（2）计算出的突水系数;采用公式（1）计算,井田范围内9号煤开采全部处在带压开采临界区内;采用公式（2）计算,井田南部有一部分范围9号煤开采处在带压开采安全区内,井田北部大部分范围9号煤开采处在带压开采临界区内。最后指出．在计算突水系数时,水文地质条件简单、含水层富水性较弱、补给条件差的矿区,选择公式（1）;水文地质条件复杂、含水层富水性较强、补给条件好的矿区．可以选择公式（2）。     

济宁二号煤矿3煤层宏观结构三维地震精细解释

济宁二号煤矿3煤分叉为3_上、3_下煤层后,在地震剖面上表现为复杂的“薄互层”反射特征,这在常规地震时间剖面上确定“视分叉点”的精度不高。采用小波分析技术,改善了原始三维地震成果数据体的信噪比和分辨率,使得3煤层宏观结构解释的精度得到显著提高。      

Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors in the Gurbantonggut desert,western China

Located in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, the Gurbantonggut Desert is the second largest desert in China. Microbiotic crusts consisting of animalcule, lichen, moss, and algae species develop extensively in the region. Their formation, species composition and distribution pattern are closely related to the environmental conditions along the different parts of sand dune. Analysis of microbiotic crust distribution and relationship to environmental factors shows that average microbiotic crust thickness is 0.05–0.1 cm at the tops dunes, 0.2–1.5 cm in the upper part, 1.5–2.5 cm in middle and lower parts of dunes, and 1.5–5.0 cm in interdune areas, while areal coverage is 30.5, 48.5, 55.5, and 75.5%, respectively. Microbiotic crust differentiation along dune slopes is a result of the development stage and converse-succession resistance of the different microbiotic crusts. The numbers of species, thickness and degree of development of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at various dune slope positions are a reflection of the ecological expression of the comprehensive adaptability and natural selection of different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to such ecological conditions as the physiochemical properties of soils and topsoil textural stability.