现行几个主要产流模型的剖析

目前广泛应用的几个主要产流模型各有特点，但以往对它们的综合比较及其相互关系研究得不多，从而造成了用户选择模型的困难。通过深入剖析与对比，搞清了这几个模型之间的联系与区别，以及应用中需要注意的问题，一般情况下，应优选用综合产流模型。     

Effects of reaction kinetics and fluid drainage on the development of pore pressure excess in a dehydrating system

Fluid is released by dehydration reactions during prograde metamorphism. If the Claperyron slope for the dehydrating reaction is positive, then there is a net decrease in the total solid volume, which implies an irreversible increase in porosity. If the dilation of the pore space is insufficient to provide storage for all the released fluid, then pore pressure excess is generated, and if it becomes sufficiently high, it may lead to brittle fracturing. The time scale for pressure generation and the pore pressure excess can be maintained over long duration hinge on the interplay of reaction kinetics and fluid drainage. Motivated by experimental and microstructural observations, a hydrological model is developed that incorporates dehydration kinetics and its pressure dependence. Analytic solutions were derived for the undrained development of pore pressure. Whether lithostatic pressure may be exceeded hinges on magnitude of the overstep in temperature and corresponding equilibrium pressure. The time scale for development of pore pressure depends on the trade-off between poroelasticity and the pressure sensitivity of reaction rate. A finite difference model was also developed to simulate the progressive development of pore pressure excess, dehydration and porosity development. The model captures the experimental observation in gypsum of a reaction front that progressively propagates from the drained end toward the undrained end of a laboratory sample. It is also in reasonable agreement with experimental data on fluid drainage and porosity production.     

大别山碧溪岭榴辉岩的K-Ca同位素定年:多硅白云母含过剩氩的新证据

40K可以进行分支衰变成40 Ar和40 Ca。在正常情况下 ,这对40 K 40 Ar或3 9Ar 40 Ar年龄与40 K 40 Ca年龄在误差范围内应该一致。测定了国家钾标样的含量、国家钾长石 (W 0 3116 )和球团矿 (W 72 0 0 )的钾钙含量、国内K Ar法标准矿物黑云母 (ZBH 2 5 )和角闪石 (ZBJ)的钾钙含量以及Tachiti标样的 (40 Ca/42 Ca)比值和含量 ,结果实测值与标称值在误差范围内一致。对大别山碧溪岭超高压变质榴辉岩的多硅白云母、绿辉石和石榴子石进行了 (40 Ca/42 Ca)和 (40 K/42 Ca)的测定。由15组数据构成的等时线斜率S =0 .12 0 8± 0 .0 4 2 3,相应的K Ca年龄为 2 2 8± 75Ma。然而多硅白云母和绿辉石的3 9Ar 40 Ar等时线年龄分别为 80 7.1± 32 .6Ma和 4 5 6 .7± 2 7.2Ma ,在误差范围内明显地高于40 K 40 Ca等时线年龄 ,这给出了前者存在过剩氩的直接证椐。此外 ,K Ca等时线的初始值 (40 Ca/42 Ca) i 为 15 1.4 2 4± 0 .0 13,相应的 ξCa为 +2 7。由于地幔岩的 ξCa≈ 0 ,所以前者表明榴辉岩的原岩具有典型的大陆地壳性质 ,这为大别山超高压变质岩体是由大陆物质俯冲至上地幔的深度 ,然后折返至大陆的形成过程提出了又一个判据     

Infiltration,runoff and sediment production in blanket peat catchments: implications of field rainfall simulation experiments

Blanket peat covers the headwaters of many major European rivers. Runoff production in upland blanket peat catchments is flashy with large flood peaks and short lag times; there is minimal baseflow. Little is known about the exact processes of infiltration and runoff generation within these upland headwaters. This paper presents results from a set of rainfall simulation experiments performed on the blanket peat moorland of the North Pennines, UK. Rainfall was simulated at low intensities (3–12 mm h^?1), typical of natural rainfall, on bare and vegetated peat surfaces. Runoff response shows that infiltration rate increases with rainfall intensity; the use of low‐intensity rainfall therefore allows a more realistic evaluation of infiltration rates and flow processes than previous studies. Overland flow is shown to be common on both vegetated and bare peat surfaces although surface cover does exert some control. Most runoff is produced within the top few centimetres of the peat and runoff response decreases rapidly with depth. Little vertical percolation takes place to depths greater than 10 cm owing to the saturation of the peat mass. This study provides evidence that the quickflow response of upland blanket peat catchments is a result of saturation‐excess overland flow generation. Rainfall–runoff response from small plots varies with season. Following warm, dry weather, rainfall tends to infiltrate more readily into blanket peat, not just initially but to the extent that steady‐state surface runoff rates are reduced and more flow takes place within the peat, albeit at shallow depth. Sediment erosion from bare peat plots tends to be supply limited. Seasonal weather conditions may affect this in that after a warm, dry spell, surface desiccation allows sediment erosion to become transport limited. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A GIS‐based variable source area hydrology model

Effective control of nonpoint source pollution from contaminants transported by runoff requires information about the source areas of surface runoff. Variable source hydrology is widely recognized by hydrologists, yet few methods exist for identifying the saturated areas that generate most runoff in humid regions. The Soil Moisture Routing model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology for watersheds with shallow sloping soils. The model combines elevation, soil, and land use data within the geographic information system GRASS, and predicts the spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, saturation‐excess overland flow (i.e., surface runoff), and interflow throughout a watershed. The model was applied to a 170 hectare watershed in the Catskills region of New York State and observed stream flow hydrographs and soil moisture measurements were compared to model predictions. Stream flow prediction during non‐winter periods generally agreed with measured flow resulting in an average r² of 0·73, a standard error of 0·01 m³/s, and an average Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency R² of 0·62. Soil moisture predictions showed trends similar to observations with errors on the order of the standard error of measurements. The model results were most accurate for non‐winter conditions. The model is currently used for making management decisions for reducing non‐point source pollution from manure spread fields in the Catskill watersheds which supply New York City's drinking water. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MODELLING RUNOFF GENERATION ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS: CAN REAL WORLD RUNOFF RESPONSES BE CAPTURED?

This paper focuses on the problem of quantifying real world catchment response using a distributed model and discusses the ability of the model to capture that response. The rainfall–runoff responses of seven small agricultural catchments in the eastern wheatbelt region of south-western Australia are examined. The variability in runoff generation and the factors that contribute to that variability (i.e. rainfall intensity, soil properties and topography) are investigated to determine if their influence can be captured in a mathematical model. The spatially distributed rainfall–runoff model used in this study is based on the TOPMODEL concepts of Beven and Kirkby (1979), and simulates runoff generation by both the infiltration excess and saturation excess mechanisms. Simulations with the model revealed the highly complex nature of catchment response to rainfall events. Runoff generation was highly heterogeneous in both space and time, with the runoff response being governed by the spatial variability of soil properties and topography, and by the temporal variation in rainfall intensity. Although the model proved capable of simulating catchment response for many events, the investigation has demonstrated that not all aspects of the variability associated with agricultural catchments (particularly the effects of land management) can be captured using this relatively simple model. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

四川牟尼沟水体的同位素地球化学特征

牟尼沟位于四川省北部阿坝州松潘县，青藏高原东隅，系黄龙-九寨沟国家风景名胜区的一部分。文中运用同位素地球化学的方法，对牟尼沟各水体中的δD、δ^18O、T值、氘过量参数(d)和元素化学分析数据进行研究，初步查明牟尼沟内大气降水、地表水、地下水以及主要泉水之间的循环和补、径、排关系。珍珠泉和翡翠泉为沟内出露的主要泉水；其中二道海沟珍珠泉系地下深循环热水的露头，是大气降水通过补给区弱透水覆盖层中的断裂或裂隙下渗，通过深大断裂循环至地下深部，与深部热流进行热交换后，返回地表出露，其作为天然温泉开发具有较大的潜力；矿泉水厂沟的翡翠泉是典型的酸性岩溶冷泉，含水层水的径流较珍珠泉慢，且滞留时间相对长些，含有一定的CO2，系一深部含水层地下水的露头，它源自全区补给高度最高的大气降水。泉水流量大且稳定，水质好，作为矿泉饮用水开发具有重要的经济价值；沟内大多数地表径流来源于大气降水和浅层地下水补给，丰水期以大气降水为主，枯水期浅层地下水补入到地表径流中的比例相对增加。这种对地表径流的调节作用，对于保持风景区内的景观具有重要作用。同时对于评估珍珠泉、翡翠泉的开发潜力以及牟尼沟景区的旅游经济和可持续发展具有重要意义。     

内孤立波浅化破碎过程斜坡沉积物孔压响应特征实验分析

观测资料显示内孤立波沿斜坡浅化过程对海底沉积物的作用犹如一台水中吸尘器,在破碎转换阶段达到最强,甚至会触发一系列地质活动,引发地质灾害。为界定此过程中沉积物的动力响应特征和影响因素,在大型重力式分层流水槽中模拟不同振幅内孤立波和不同类型沉积物斜坡连续作用过程,利用孔隙水压力采集系统实时记录孔隙水压力变化,对比分析不同水动力、坡度、沉积物类型情况下沉积物中超孔压变化特征。分析结果表明,内孤立波破碎过程,破波位置海床表层波压力和不同深度超孔隙水压力都存在相似的"U"型负压力变化过程;破碎波经过位置沉积物表现为和表面波压力正相关的孔压响应特征。破碎点沉积物中超孔压幅值随深度减小,约在6%波长深度位置减少到坡面压力的50%。超孔压幅值和内孤立波振幅、沉积物类型和斜坡度密切相关,坡度由0.071变化到0.160时,波压力幅值可增大至1.6倍。内孤立波振幅变化不影响不同类型海床土动力响应规律,只与超孔隙水压力值大小有关,内孤立波对海床的动力作用可认为弹性作用。     

Relationships between physical‐geochemical soil properties and erodibility of streambanks among different physiographic provinces of Tennessee,USA

Erosion of cohesive soils in fluvial environments is dependent on physical, geochemical and biological properties, which govern inter‐particle attraction forces and control detachment rates from stream beds and banks. Most erosion rate models are based on the excess shear stress equation where the soil erodibility coefficient (k_d) is multiplied by the difference between the boundary hydraulic shear stress (τ_b) and the soil critical shear stress (τ_c). Both k_d and τ_c are a function of soil properties and must be obtained through in situ field or laboratory testing. Many studies have generated predictive relationships for k_d and τ_c derived from various soil properties. These studies typically were conducted in watersheds within a single physiographic region with a common surficial geology and/or investigated a limited number of soil properties, particularly geochemical properties. With widely reported differences in relationships between τ_c and soil properties, this study investigated differences in predictive relationships for τ_c among different physiographic provinces in Tennessee, USA. Erodibility parameters were determined in the field using a mini‐jet test device. Among these provinces, statistically four unique clusters were identified from a dataset of 128 observations and these data clusters were used to develop predictive models for τ_c to identify dominant properties governing erosion. In these clusters, 16 significant physical and geochemical soil properties were identified for τ_c prediction. Among these soil properties, water content and passing #200 sieve (percentage soil less than 75 μm) were the dominant controlling parameters to predict τ_c in addition to clay percentage (< 2 μm), bulk density, and soil pore water chemistry. This study suggests that unique relationships exist for physiographic provinces that are likely due to soil physical‐geochemical processes associated with surficial geology that determine minerology of the cohesive soil. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于O2/Ar比值估算海洋混合层群落净生产力的研究进展

群落净生产力(NCP)是海洋混合层中光合作用和群落呼吸作用的差值,代表了从表层海水向深层海洋输送的最大有机质量,是衡量生物活动对上层海洋碳循环影响的有效指标。海洋混合层的溶解氧浓度主要受物理过程和生物过程控制,而惰性气体氩(Ar)的分布主要受物理过程以及温度和盐度对溶解度的影响,由于O2和Ar具有相似的物理特性,因此氧氩比值(O2/Ar)消除了物理过程对海水中溶解氧的影响,其偏离平衡值的量(ΔO 2/Ar)可表征生物过饱和氧,并可据此估算群落净生产力。随着质谱技术的发展,连续走航测定O2/Ar比值技术得到广泛应用并可以获得高时空分辨率NCP分布,因此成为估算海洋混合层NCP的重要方法。本文介绍了基于O2/Ar比值法估算群落净生产力的原理,综述了用O2/Ar比值法估算海洋混合层中群落净生产力的研究进展,探讨了估算模型中存在的不足及解决办法,并对其未来发展方向做了展望。