The Effects of Environmental Conditions on Concentration and Emission of Ammonia in Chicken Farms during Summer Season

This paper presents a field study conducted in northwest Turkey and characterizes the NH₃ concentration and emission measured in summer season from three chicken farms. The influence of environmental conditions on NH₃ concentration and emission was also investigated in this study. Ammonia concentration, temperature, relative humidity and airflow rate were continuously recorded for four sequential days. The environmental conditions were measured using a multifunction temperature and humidity‐meter with a hot wire probe. Portable multiple gas detectors with electro‐chemical sensors were used to measure NH₃ concentration. The NH₃ emission rates for houses were calculated by multiplying simultaneously measured NH₃ concentrations and air flow rates. The average daily mean (ADM) house concentrations of house 1 (H1), house 2 (H2), and house 3 (H3) were measured as 4.43, 3.71, and 6.20 ppm, respectively. NH₃ concentration was inversely proportional to temperature (r = ?0.279), relative humidity (r = ?0.063) and airflow rate (r = ?0.554) for all monitored houses. The ADM house NH₃ emission was 135 g/(h house) for H1, 255 g/(h house) for H2, and 117 g/(h house) for H3. The combined average emission rate in this study (0.26 g/(d bird)) was lower than the emission rate measured in chicken farms in the USA. However, our results were comparable to rates calculated in European studies because house design, ventilation system and bird diet applied in Turkish chicken farms are very similar to those employed in European countries. The NH₃ emissions were significantly correlated to NH₃ concentrations (r = 0.45, p ≤ 0.001) and airflow rates (r = 0.97, p ≤ 0.001). A clear diurnal pattern was obtained for NH₃ concentrations rather than NH₃ emissions at the end of the study.     

The potential of historic rock avalanches and man-made structures as chlorine-36 production rate calibration sites

Samples from three medieval rock avalanches from the French (Le Claps, Mont Granier) and Austrian Alps (Dobratsch) and a man-made structure, i.e. the Stephansdom in Vienna, have been analysed for in-situ produced ³⁶Cl by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). All four sampling sites of independently known exposure duration turned out to be not appropriate as calibration sites for the determination of the ³⁶Cl-production rate from Ca. Indeed, the determination of short exposure ages for dating rock avalanches and man-made structures by ³⁶Cl is hindered dramatically by inheritance, especially for samples characterized by high ^natCl-concentrations. Generally, there are hints that the theoretical calculation of ³⁶Cl-production from epithermal and thermal neutron-capture on ³⁵Cl is highly underestimated in all existing models, thus, asking for particular precaution if working on high-Cl samples for any project. Hence, this work evidences that potential high inheritance, even for samples reasonably shielded before exhumation, has to be considered especially when dealing with recently exposed surfaces such as glacially polished rocks, alluvial terraces, fault scarps etc.     

基于时间序列的InSAR相干性量级估计

本文提出了一种适用于InSAR数据处理的自适应相干性量级估计方法,该方法能够满足复信号随机平稳的假设前提,并兼顾运算效率与估计精度.此方法生成的相干图具有很好的分布特征,避免了影像空间分辨率的损失.提出的算法分为两个步骤:(1)根据地物后向散射特性,对时间序列SAR影像进行聚类分析,选择具有同分布的样本,保证SAR影像质地平稳条件;(2)对干涉图进行条纹频率估计,采用极大似然(ML)条纹频率估计方法去除系统相位引起的复信号非平稳性,并根据Cramer-Rao边界条件改善条纹频率的估计精度.以美国南加州洛杉矶地区的ENVISAT ASAR数据集为例,本文将新方法与现有方法进行了量化分析.结果表明,较传统方法而言,基于时间序列的相干性估计方法能够得到更可靠、精度更高、空间特征更鲜明的干涉相干图.     

Optimization of land use structure based on ecological GREEN equivalent

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization. Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology, this paper presents such thoughts: the optimal forest-coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district; through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent (mainly cultivated land and grassland) and based on the rule, GREEN equivalent, this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land, also between woodland and grassland; this paper establishes a multi-dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure. In addition, a multi-objective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed. In the end, this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization, taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.     

东江径流年内分配特征及影响因素贡献分解

基于1956~2009年实测径流、天然径流和面降水的月系列,选用集中度和不均匀系数,分析东江径流年内分配特征的时空变异规律。通过对比降水和径流年内分配特征指标的阶段变化差异,量化分解气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化、水利工程水量调节和用水消耗等主要因素对东江径流年内分配特征变化的影响贡献。结果表明:东江实测径流的集中度和不均匀系数年变化过程均有显著下降趋势,且1973年为时序变点。降水及天然径流的年内集中程度阶段变化较小,但2000~2009年降水及天然径流的年内不均匀性要明显大于20世纪80年代和90年代。降水及天然径流的年内集中度和不均匀系数由上游向下游逐渐增大,显示集水面积越大降水及径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性越大。水利工程水量调节和土地利用/覆被变化降低了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性,而用水消耗和气候变化增加了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性。水利工程水量调节、土地利用/覆被变化、用水消耗和气候变化,对东江径流分配特征的影响贡献率分别约为-33.5%、-9.0%、4.5%和1.0%,新丰江水库、枫树坝水库和白盆珠水库的影响贡献率分别约为-21%、-10%和-2%,且近30年来土地利用/覆被变化和用水消耗的影响贡献有逐渐增加趋势。     

黄河流域夏季有效降水转化率

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国实测雨量资料,分析发现黄河流域夏季整层降水转化率普遍较低,因考虑到整层中应有某一气压层具有最有利的水汽输送、抬升凝结和垂直运动条件,由此将该气压层定义为有效降水转化率层(简称有效层),降水与有效层可降水量之比称为有效降水转化率。通过分析黄河流域夏季各分区垂直速度与水汽等因子,确定上、中、下游夏季有效层分别为地面~500hPa、600~400hPa、850~600hPa。对比分析表明:夏季各区平均水汽收支与降水转化率,各自在整层和有效层上的逐年演变趋势均一致,峰谷相对应,且49年间降水转化率在有效层上的数值均大于整层的。夏季有效降水转化率在青藏高原上空及中游东部最高,高原东北侧最低,旱、涝年与多年平均状况下的分布形式虽然一致,但涝年的数值明显大于旱年。     

季节性冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料处理探讨

本文针对地中蒸渗计在冻结-冻融期存在的问题,利用实验站冻土及土壤水分势能资料,探索了冻土层的发育及其水分运移规律,通过对亚砂土不同埋深及不同年度的地中蒸渗计资料处理,得出冻结期和冻融期地中蒸渗计资料的处理方法及其埋深临界值。这对准确利用冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料具有重要的指导意义。     

包气带硝酸盐分布的差异性及其形成机理:以正定、栾城为例

在地表等量氮输入条件下,包气带中硝酸盐含量分布是其抗污染能力的直接表征。阐明不同包气带中硝酸盐分布的差异并分析其成因对于评价下覆含水层的硝酸盐污染脆弱性、保护地下水资源免遭硝酸盐污染,具有重要意义。本文基于太行山山前冲洪积扇上栾城和正定两个16m深包气带硝酸盐含量数据,指出两个剖面上包气带中硝酸盐分布特征的差异性。分析研究区的施肥历史、大气降水的入渗补给强度及土壤有机质含量,认为包气带水分运移速度和反硝化能力是导致包气带硝酸盐分布差异的两个关键因素。在分析N同位素测试技术进步的基础上,指出利用同位素技术对包气带中的反硝化能力的定量化研究有望取得新进展。     

不同覆盖物抑制铀尾矿氡析出的效果

对5种不同覆盖物（红土、砂、废石、砂与红土混合物、废石与红土混合物）降低铀尾矿氡析出的效果进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,不同覆盖物的效果存在较大差异,在相同覆盖厚度条件下,氡析出率降低系数是红土〉红土与废石混合物〉红土与砂混合物〉废石〉砂。表面氡析出率随覆盖物厚度增大而减小,氡析出率降低系数的对数与覆盖厚度成正比,所得到的各种覆盖物的拟合线性方程可用来评价覆盖效果。建立了各种覆盖物覆盖厚度估算的经验公式。综合考虑降氡效果、经济成本、生态环境效应,废石与红土混合物是该地区铀尾矿库最佳覆盖物。     

原地生成宇宙成因核素在地学研究中的应用

传统测年方法(14C、热释光、光释光等)无法直接测量地貌面或基岩面的形成年代,利用宇宙生成核素定出的年代可以直接计算地质、地貌体的暴露年代和埋藏时代。随着测量仪器的长足进步,特别是加速器质谱(AMS)检出限(可测至106原子)的大幅度提高,原地生成宇宙成因核素定年技术给地貌学带来了革命性的变化,因此宇宙生成核素被广泛应用于古气候学、构造地质学、火山年代学及古地磁学等。本文阐释了原地生成宇宙核素定年方法的基本原理,并在地学领域应用的现有基础上,从冰川、断层、阶地等研究对象出发,以沉积物埋藏年龄、地表侵蚀速率、断层滑动速率等为研究内容,具体描述该定年技术在冰川地貌、构造地貌、地貌过程及地貌演化研究中的国内外研究现状,以及应用中尚待解决的诸如核素产生速率与空间、时间关系;样品地质、地貌条件对结果造成的不确定性等问题。