Solute dynamics of meltwater of Gangotri glacier,Garhwal Himalaya,India

The present study investigates solute dynamics of meltwater of Gangotri glacier system in terms of association of different chemical compounds with the geology of the area. In the meltwater, the presence of cations varied as c(Mg²⁺) > c(Ca²⁺) > c(Na⁺) > c(K⁺), while order of concentration of anions has been c(HCO₃ ⁻) > c(SO₄ ²⁻) > c(Cl⁻) > c(NO₃ ⁻) in years 2003 and 2004. The magnesium and calcium are found as the dominant cations along with bicarbonate and sulphate as dominant anions. The high ratios of c(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/total cations and c(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/c(Na⁺ + K⁺) indicate that the meltwater chemistry of the Gangotri glacier system catchment is mostly controlled by carbonate weathering. Attempts are made to develop rating curves for discharge and different cations. Sporadic rise in discharge without corresponding rise in concentration of most of cations is responsible for their loose correlation in a compound valley glacier like Gangotri glacier.     

1985～2003京津唐张地区重力变化

本文分析了京津唐张地区1985～2003年详实的重复重力测量资料,重力变化的图像显示该地区的重力变化具有明显的区域性特征;最为显著的变化是测网南部地区出现的较大范围重力增加,增加幅值在(100～300)×10~(-8)m·s~(-2)之间,从可搜集到的高程及地下水资料分析,造成这一变化的主要原因是该地区大量开采地下流体而引起的大面积地面沉降;测网北部山区重力趋势性减小,19年减小幅值约30×10~(-87)m·s~(-2),与香山绝对重力点的变化量相当,高程及地下水对此种趋势的影响不大,大面积山区继承性、同步性的构造运动可能是造成地表重力趋势性变化的主要原因;而东部地区重力变化的明显特征是1990年6月至1994年6月间有一重力的快速下降然后上升过程,这可能是与1995年10月滦县 M 5.9地震有关的重力变化．相比之下地下水位的变化对重力趋势的影响较微弱．     

贵州地区中三叠统垄头组沉积特征及其海平面变化意义*

为认识中三叠世拉丁期华南地区碳酸盐岩台地边缘沉积演化及其海平面变化特征,文中主要选取贵州关岭扒子场剖面,以岩石学特征研究为基础,建立中三叠统拉丁阶垄头组的沉积演化序列,来恢复其沉积时期的海平面变化特征。中三叠统垄头组按其岩石类型及组合特征可分为3段: 下段主体为核形石灰岩—叠层石沉积旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。中段下亚段由核形石灰岩—泥晶灰岩—玛瑙纹层状灰岩旋回组成,最顶层的玛瑙纹层状灰岩指示地表暴露环境;中段上亚段为核形石灰岩—叠层石旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。上段由代表潮间带至潮下带的核形石灰岩—似球粒灰岩旋回组成。垄头组沉积特征表明,该沉积时期黔西南地区海平面整体表现为持续上升,但在中段沉积时期发生过一次海平面下降事件,导致沉积物持续遭受地表暴露,随后海平面开始上升,又恢复到潮坪沉积环境。与国内外中三叠世拉丁期海平面变化研究结果相比,贵州地区垄头组中段沉积时期的海平面下降很可能是拉丁期大海退的产物,但自中段上亚段至上段沉积时期,海平面逐渐上升,与同时期的黔西南地区和全球海平面变化趋势一致。该结果对于认识玛瑙纹层状灰岩成因及中三叠世晚期生物复苏研究具有重要意义。     

The temporal and spatial variations in the Pacific wind and wave fields for the period 2002–2011

本文利用第三代海浪模式（WAVEWATCH III）分析了2002-2011年太平洋风速和海浪场的时空变化特征。首先,使用浮标观测数据对模式模拟的有效波高结果进行验证。结果表明模式可以有效地后报太平洋的有效波高。模式偏差较大的区域为中低纬度地区。随后将太平洋分为多个子区域,分别讨论了其风速和有效波高的时空变化特征。多年平均太平洋风速和有效波高存在类似的纬向分布特征,各子区域之间风速和有效波高的季节变化存在差别。模式刻画的太平洋有效波高年际变化最大的区域为南半球中高纬区域。进一步,我们研究了波浪能量的输入与耗散。相应的源函数项的各区域平均值显示了量化的表面波的变化。最后,对日平均的风速与有效波高值进行功率谱分析寻找序列的显著周期。结果表明有效波高时间变化对应的频谱和风速谱具有一定的差异。     

Geomorphology and sedimentary sequence evolution during the buried stage of paleo-uplift in the Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation,Junggar Basin,northwestern China: Implications for reservoir lithofacies and hydrocarbon distribution

The evolution of large-scale paleo-uplifts within sedimentary basins controls the sedimentary provenance, depositional systems and hydrocarbon distributions. This study aims to unravel changes in paleo-geomorphology, interpret sedimentary sequence evolution, and investigate favourable reservoir types and the hydrocarbon distribution during the buried stage of a long-term eroded paleo-uplift, taking the Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation (K₁q) in the Junggar Basin as an example. These research topics have rarely been studied or are poorly understood. This study integrates current drilling production data with outcrop and core analyses, drilling well logs, 3D seismic data interpretations, grading data, physical property comparisons and identified hydrocarbon distributions.After more than 20 million years of differential river erosion and weathering in arid conditions, the large-scale Chemo paleo-uplift within the hinterland area of the basin formed a distinctive valley–monadnock paleo-geomorphology prior to the deposition of K₁q. Since the Early Cretaceous, tectonic subsidence and humid conditions have caused the base level (lake level) to rise, leading to backfilling of valleys and burial processes. Two systems tracts in the target strata of K₁q, consisting of distinctive depositional systems, can be identified: (1) a lowstand systems tract (LST), which is confined within incised valleys and is mainly composed of gravelly braided rivers and rarely occurring debris flows and (2) an extensive transgressive systems tract (TST), which developed into an almost flat landform and consists of braided river delta to lacustrine depositional systems. Overall, the physical properties of braided river reservoirs in the LST are better than those of the braided river delta reservoirs in the TST. However, the inhomogeneous distributions of carbonate cements cause differences in the physical properties of conglomerate reservoirs in the LST. However, for sandstones in both the LST and TST, coarser grain sizes and better sorting result in better physical properties. Altogether, four types of reservoir can be identified in the study area: Jurassic inner monadnock reservoirs, K₁q LST stratigraphic onlap reservoirs, LST structural reservoirs and TST structural reservoirs.     

1960年以来长江流域太阳总辐射的时空变化

基于长江流域147个站点的气象数据,利用气候学计算方法估算1960年以来的太阳总辐射数据,运用线性回归和相关分析等方法,探讨1960年以来太阳总辐射在长江流域的时空变化特征,并分析太阳总辐射的影响因子.结果表明:太阳总辐射在整个长江流域(除去上游源头区金沙江流域)自东向西递减,且上游地区变化波动大,中下游地区下降趋势显著;自1960年以来太阳总辐射在长江流域呈现下降趋势,1990年以后开始呈现上升趋势;近50a来太阳总辐射的减少趋势与云量和大气水汽含量没有显著相关性.     

拉萨河谷大气水汽日变化特征

基于近10年(1999~2008年)地基GPS遥感的大气可降水量(GPS-PW)资料和地面气象资料,分析了拉萨河谷各季GPS-PW日变化特征及其对夏季降水日变化特征的影响。结果表明,在拉萨河谷各季GPS-PW都具有明显的日变化特征。春、夏、秋和冬季GPS-PW平均日变化幅度分别为1.0mm、1.7mm、1.0mm和0.8mm。GPS-PW日最小值和最大值出现的时间随季节变化不大,分别出现在08:00~10:00UTC和15:00~18:00UTC。各季GPS-PW日变化序列的谐波分析结果表明,日循环(24h)与半日循环(12h)是GPS-PW日变化的主要信号。日循环信号夏季最强,冬季最弱;半日循环信号夏季最强,春季最弱。在夏季GPS-PW达到日最大值的时间比平均逐时降水频次和降水量达到日最大值的时间约早2h。GPS-PW日变化对夏季降水日变化特征具有重要影响。     

循环分块矩阵方程之解及其应用

利用1961—2005年逐候资料对东亚副热带西风急流初夏至盛夏变化与江淮出梅的关系进行了分析。结果表明,多年平均7月初夏至盛夏急流中心由西太平洋地区西跳至青藏高原的同时我国东部地区急流北跳至37．5°N以北,比梅雨结束旱1候;急流北跳使得我国东部高空强辐散中心北移至华北地区,江淮地区上空辐散显著减弱,上升运动减弱,从而使得江淮梅雨结束,雨带北移;而急流中心的西跳仅使得我国东部地区高空辐散中心减弱,降水减弱,有利于雨带北移。我国东部急流北跳与江淮地区梅雨结束时间显著正相关,在北跳偏早（晚）年份梅雨结束早（晚）,长江中下游地区降水偏少（多）,而急流中心西跳早晚对我国华北北部地区和淮河附近地区降水有较大影响。可见,我国东部急流北跳与梅雨结束关系密切,可作为梅雨结束的先期信号。     

Spatial distribution and temporal trends in potential evapotranspiration over Hengduan Mountains region from 1960 to 2009

Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961-2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the annual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of -0.17 mm a-1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.