不同电子受体及盐分输入对河口湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力的影响

对闽江河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力及电子受体(硝酸盐,三价铁和硫酸盐)及盐分(氯化钠)输入对其的影响进行了厌氧培养实验及测定。结果表明,芦苇湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力范围是0.0202~0.0871 μg · g^-1 · d^-1,0~10 cm土壤甲烷产生潜力最大;电子受体及盐分的输入对土壤甲烷产生潜力具有抑制作用,3种电子受体对甲烷产生潜力抑制程度从大到小为硝酸盐>三价铁>硫酸盐,不同浓度硝酸盐与三价铁添加后甲烷产生潜力与对照土壤差异显著(P<0.05),而硫酸盐与盐分的添加抑制作用不显著,对于每一种电子受体及盐分其不同浓度处理对甲烷产生潜力的影响差异也不明显(P>0.05)。     

Mass mortality and recolonization of Pyura stolonifera (Heller) on the south coast of South Africa

The fauna and flora of two sublittoral communities situated in close proximity on the west coast of South Africa are described and shown to be radically different, despite the fact that both experience similar physical conditions. One of these communities, at Marcus Island, has prolific beds of the black mussel Choromytilus meridionalis (35 954 g wet weight·m^?2) accompanied by a large number of other species, notably sea urchins, holothurians, brittle stars, whelks and barnacles. In contrast, the other site, Malgas Island, is dominated by a large population of rock lobsters Jasus lalandii together with a dense seaweed flora (3 866 and 4 402 g wet weight·m^?2 respectively). The numbers of species are similar at both sites (102 at Malgas Island and 107 at Marcus Island) but only 34 per cent are common to both localities. Although preliminary research indicates that the two sites have fairly similar physical conditions and bottom topography, they maintained their contrasting communities for the whole research period (1983–1986) and have probably done so for at least nine years, suggesting that they represent two stable alternative states of the same ecosystem. In the absence of rock lobsters at Marcus Island, wave action and inter/intraspecific competition are the main forces structuring the benthic community. Stability is maintained here by the resilience and rapid recovery of the mussel population after disturbance by storms. Where rock lobsters are abundant, as at Malgas Island, intense predation pressure is the main force controlling the structure of the benthos, and it is continually maintained because the rock lobsters are resistant to the effect of storms. Therefore, the presence or absence of high densities of rock lobsters is fundamental to the maintenance of these two contrasting communities.     

Nutritional condition of fish larvae in South African estuaries: an appraisal of three biochemical methods

Estuaries are exposed to a number of threats and many South African estuarine systems are functionally and structurally altered. The extent to which fish are affected by these alterations is not fully understood. The estuarine round herring Gilchristella aestuaria is an appropriate species to use when examining such effects. The most widely used approaches to evaluating the nutritional condition of fish larvae are based on biochemical methods. In order to identify the most suitable technique for assessing body condition of fish larvae in estuaries, the nutritional condition of post-flexion larvae of G. aestuaria from the Sundays and Kariega estuaries on the south-east coast of South Africa was evaluated using three different biochemical techniques: (i) total lipid content analysis and the triacylglycerol/cholesterol (TAG/CHOL) ratio; (ii) protein content analysis; and (iii) the RNA/DNA ratio. Results from techniques (ii) and (iii) revealed that G. aestuaria larvae from the Kariega Estuary were in better condition than larvae from the Sundays Estuary, probably due to a recent plankton bloom. It is concluded that the individual RNA/DNA ratio can provide a reliable, sensitive and cost-effective method to assess the immediate effects of environmental changes on the nutritional condition of estuarine fish larvae.     

长江口滨岸湿地沉积物对上覆水体中无机氮的净化能力估算

Estuarine wetlands serve as a natural barrier to remove the land-generated pollut-ants and attenuate the pollutant load from the land to the sea. As one of the most important estuarine wetlands, the Yangtze estuarine wetlands have attracted particular interests in the biogeochemical studies of nutrients. The objectives of this study were to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes across the sediment-water interface; to calculate the total DIN fluxes in a year and different seasons; and to evaluate the DIN removing capability of the sediment in the tidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The spatial distribution of DIN fluxes shows complicated seasonal variations and spatial differences. The annual DIN fluxes range from -22.22 mmol N m-2 h-1 to 19.54 mmolN m-2 h-1, with an average of -1.48±1.34 mmol N m-2 h-1. The tidal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary behave as a source of water DIN in spring when DIN is released from sediment into overlying water, and the released amount of DIN is 1.33×104 tons of nitrogen (T N). In sum-mer, autumn and winter, the sediment absorbs the DIN from the overlying water, and the absorbed amounts of DIN are 4.36×104 T N, 6.81×104 T N and 2.24×104 T N, respectively. The average amount of DIN in overlying water of the Yangtze Estuary is 52.6×104 T N yr-1, and the perennial average amount of DIN absorbed from the overlying water by the sediment is 12.1×104 T N yr-1. The annual DIN elimination rate of the tidal wetlands was 23.0%.     

中国退化河口湿地生态恢复研究进展

湿地退化、恢复和重建是当前湿地科学领域的研究热点,也是中国湿地研究中的核心问题。作为一种典型的海岸湿地,河口湿地在围垦、水利工程建设和环境污染等多重因素的干扰下,面临着自然来水减少、水盐失衡、植被退化、生境质量下降等多种威胁。介绍了当前中国河口湿地的分布情况以及四大主要河口湿地的退化现状,针对已经开展的河口退化湿地恢复的现状,总结了目前中国河口退化湿地恢复所面临的问题,并展望了今后河口退化湿地恢复研究的趋势：开展河口湿地生态系统演替与退化机制研究;发展河口湿地生态恢复技术;加强河口湿地生态恢复示范研究以及建立动态监测和管理系统。     

Simulation of the Fate of Faecal Bacteria in Estuarine and Coastal Waters Based on A Fractionated Sediment Transport Model

A two-dimensional depth-integrated numerical model is refined in this paper to simulate the hydrodynamics, graded sediment transport process and the fate of faecal bacteria in estuarine and coastal waters. The sediment mixture is divided into several fractions according to the grain size. A bed evolution model is adopted to simulate the processes of the bed elevation change and sediment grain size sorting. The faecal bacteria transport equation includes enhanced source and sink terms to represent bacterial kinetic transformation and disappearance or reappearance due to sediment deposition or re-suspension. A novel partition ratio and dynamic decay rates of faecal bacteria are adopted in the numerical model. The model has been applied to the turbid water environment in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary, UK. The predictions by the present model are compared with field data and those by non-fractionated model.     

河口三角洲地区宜居人口容量估算 ——以广州原南沙区为例

近年来,不断有位于河口三角洲区域的县区升级为国家级新区,科学地估算这些县区的宜居人口容量是新区规划的前提。文章通过选取河口区人居自然环境主导因子、提取人口承载区和参考同类区域平均人口密度和相关国家标准等环节,构建了一种基于人居环境适宜性的河口三角洲地区人口承载力的估算方法,并估算了广州原南沙区宜居人口容量。结果显示：原南沙区宜居人口容量为87万人,宜居人口密度为2 776人/km²,其中,南沙街23万人,黄阁镇21万人,万顷沙镇为19万人,横沥镇为13万人,珠江街为11万人。考虑到地基和经济发展差异,南沙区宜居人口密度与上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区之间和美国首都华盛顿特区的人口密度有较好的可比性。文章所用方法突出了水文与地质条件的约束作用,可用于估算河口三角洲地区人口容量。     

利用粗糙集理论进行遥感分类信息提取

以辽宁省双台子河口湿地为研究对象,以Landsat 8和HJ-1-A/HJ-1-B的多时相遥感影像为数据源,根据研究区现状,将研究区分为旱地、芦苇、水田、碱蓬、混合植被、水面、滩涂、居民点、养殖塘九个类型.利用时间序列的归一化植被指数提取植被与非植被的分类阈值,采用粗糙集理论和多时相遥感影像,对植被和非植被分别进行分类规则的获取,建立了研究区决策树分类模型.为了进行精度评价,利用相同的训练点又进行了同样基于像元的最大似然法分类.最后利用混淆矩阵对上述两种方法进行了精度评估,基于粗糙集的决策树分类法与最大似然法总体分类精度分别为93.70%和91.62%,Kappa系数分别为0.92和0.90,两项指标值基于粗糙集理论法均比最大似然法有所提高.这为构建决策树分类模型进行湿地地表分类信息提取提供了一条新的研究思路.     

九龙江河口平原晚第四纪硅藻及海平面变化初探

将福建九龙江河口平原ＺＫ５孔剖面细分为４个硅藻段、２４个硅藻带,并结合其他钻孔的微体生物组合特权和年代测定结果等进行分析。研究表明,晚玉木冰期本区海面升降频繁,但大多处于河口港湾环境,这主要是构造沉降所造成的;其间出现３次低海面,均为河流沉积环境。全新世冰后期海水大规模入侵,鼎盛期本区相对海面高出现代海面达５－１０ｍ。     

Keeping things in order: multivariate direct gradient analysis of a strongly fluctuating benthic community

Two spatial surveys of the macrobenthos of an estuarine intertidal area, the Oosterschelde in the southwestern part of The Netherlands, were conducted in different years. In the period between the surveys changes in the hydrodynamics of the estuary took place as a result of the construction of a storm-surge barrier. The works reduced the tidal volume in the basin and as a consequence the altitude of the tidal flats decreased by approximately 0.1 to 0.2 m. Considerable differences in species densities were found between the two surveys, but these large differences could not be explained by changes in the ‘spatial' environmental variables (such as altitude) that were taken into account in a direct gradient analysis. Unknown and ‘only-to-time-related' (e.g. weather-related) factors had considerably influenced species abundance. This implies that the impact of the works on the macrobenthos could not be evaluated on the basis of observed species densities in the before- and after-the-works surveys. Generally, it implies that even if the levels of future ‘spatial' environmental variables are known, direct gradient analysis based on a single survey cannot be used for prediction of future densities in absolute terms in such strongly fluctuating communities. Yet, the gradient analyses for the two years revealed rather similar estimates of the major environmental gradients. The same was true for the parameters that described the relative change in species densities in response to a change in the environmental gradient levels. Hence the most appropriate way of evaluating the changes that have occurred in the benthic community as a result of the works was in terms of the observed changes in the ‘spatial' environmental gradient levels. The levels of the first environmental gradient, which was strongly related to the sediment structure, did not change between years. Levels of the second gradient, which could be interpreted as a tidal zone gradient, decreased. This suggests that the works particularly affected taxa that are strongly related to this second gradient, such as Corophium living in the upper tidal areas and Nephthys living in the lower tidal zone.