分散元素的超常富集与共生

本以地质事实为基础,初步探讨了分散元素的超常富集和共生问题。在一定地质条件下,分散元素可以发生超常富集,乃至形成分散元素的独立矿床。低温条件有利于分散元素的超常富集和形成独立矿物;热水沉积作用在某些分散元素的成矿过程中具有重要意义。分散元素共生,是一种常见的现象。相似的地球化学性质和地球化学行为,是导致分散元素共生的基本原因。男外,区域地质背景也是一个重要因素。     

榆社群高庄组中震积泄水构造及成因模式

位于华北克拉通中部、沁水含煤构造盆地核心部位的榆社盆地,是一个上新世至早更新世河湖相沉积的内陆小型盆地,浊漳河的侵蚀导致大量新生界剖面出露地表。野外地质调查发现,榆社群高庄组中发育大量泄水构造,包括砂泥岩脉、砂岩脉、泥岩脉、粘土质团块、片状钙质胶结岩脉、结核等,且相互间渐变过渡。基于饱和松散岩土体,在大于一定强度的外动力扰动下,沿岩层软弱结构面发生逃逸,形成泄水构造。基于泄水构造在本区大范围发育的调查结果以及现代地震诱发砂土液化的研究成果类比可知,地质历史时期的高庄组沉积物（地震发生时高庄组沉积物处于饱和松散状态、中值粒径变化范围在0.055~0.159mm区间、级配良好且富含CaCO3,FeO和MnO等矿物质）,是在遭受地震震级MS=5~6的动力扰动下,沿岩层弱面泄水灌入形成了上述泄水构造。地表揭露的各种震积构造关联证据与地震导致饱和松散岩土体液化射流的水动力以及粘粒、砂粒、矿物质等物源供应量变化的形成条件相匹配,构建了表征其成因的“地震液化射流分异模型”。地震液化射流形成不同形态的泄水构造,可作为相变剧烈小型盆地地层识别与对比的良好标志。     

Tectonic overpressure in competent mafic layers and the development of isolated eclogites

Abstract Variation in the state of stress during heterogeneous deformation should be reflected in variation in the effective pressure of metamorphic reactions, whether this is mean stress or the normal stress acting across the reacting interface. The magnitude of this pressure variation will determine whether it is discernible in the preserved metamorphic mineral assemblages of heterogeneously deformed rocks. The magnitude of the mean stress difference across a non-slipping interface between two materials with viscosity ratio >c. 20:1 is effectively equal to the maximum shear stress for flow in the more viscous material. Progressive shortening of the interface results in a higher mean stress in the more competent material, whereas extension results in a lower mean stress. For high-P/low-T eclogite facies conditions, current experimental data indicate that clinopyroxene- and garnet-rich layers of eclogite should be very strong and that pressure differences of up to 800 MPa (8 kbar) between competent layer and weaker matrix may be possible. Such high values can be obtained in widely separated competent layers for values of bulk stress in the overall multilayer that are much lower (by a factor approaching the viscosity ratio). Extrusion of material between more rigid plates, which has been proposed as a regional mechanism of lateral ‘continental escape’for both the Alps and the Himalayas, should also be accompanied by a lateral gradient in effective pressure; otherwise extrusion could not occur. Maximum mean stresses with magnitudes that are many times the maximum shear stress required for plastic flow should develop for deformation zones that are long relative to their width (e.g. around 20 times for a width-to-thickness ratio of 10). Tectonic overpressure in progressively shortened competent layers, particularly in regions of extrusion between more rigid plates, might help explain the occurrence of isolated layers and pods of low-T eclogite (<550°C) with estimated peak pressures markedly in excess of those in the surrounding matrix. It cannot explain the occurrence of isolated high-T eclogites, because at temperatures >c. 550°C, the dramatic weakening of clinopyroxene in the power-law creep field precludes the development of significant overpressures in eclogite layers.     

Sand dunes and valley fills from Preboreal glacial-lake outburst floods in south-eastern Norway – beyond the aeolian paradigm

A major glacial-lake outburst flood in the Glomma valley, south-eastern Norway, took place during the final decay of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. A combined morphological, geophysical and sedimentological study provides new insight into the variety of processes and deposits of the flood. The studied succession, some tens of metres in thickness, comprises the fill of a major flood basin that developed during hydraulic ponding. Large-scale sand dunes and bars accumulated downstream of locations with expanding flow. Most notable are 10 m high, concentric dune ridges that accumulated downstream of a topographical constriction hosting a high-velocity flow. Flow expansion at the outlet generated intense turbulence and scouring. The sand-loaded eddies helped feeding the semi-stationary dune ridges that grew vertically and downflow under high aggradation rates. Internal structures vary but reflect an overall shift in sedimentation from prevailing supercritical flow to overall subcritical flow conditions at high flood levels. Loading by water and sediment caused large-scale, synsedimentary deformation, increasing local accommodation space. Fast-falling flood levels caused stronger flow locally, while mud and fine sand settled in stagnant pools. The fall caused a significant drop in hydrostatic pressure. This triggered a release of excess pore pressure causing massive dewatering and fluidisation. Water-escape structures include numerous (sub)vertical pipes. The present study shows that outburst flood-generated, large-scale dunes can develop in well-sorted, fine sand and are thereby easily confused with aeolian deposits. Several dune fields in south-eastern Norway are here reinterpreted as the product of at least two major flood events. Sandy dune fields with similar characteristics elsewhere in Scandinavia should likely also be reinterpreted, and the role of outburst floods during the final deglaciation of Scandinavia has seemingly been underestimated. The study emphasises the importance of ponding, flow expansion, sorting, rapidly changing pressure conditions and deformation for outburst flood-related sedimentation.     

抚顺盆地东露天煤矿早始新世孢粉组合特征及其古气候意义

系统研究了抚顺盆地东露天煤矿主煤层古城子组植物孢粉组合特征,并采用共存分析法(coexistence approach)定量分析了该区早始新世古气候。笔者在古城子组共发现孢粉化石71属159种,其中,被子植物花粉莫米粉(Momipites)、山核桃粉(Caryapollenites)、榆粉(Ulmipollenits)和栎粉(Quercoidites)含量较高;裸子植物花粉含量高,以杉粉(Taxodiaceaepollenites)和无口器粉(Inaperturopollenites)占绝对优势;蕨类植物孢子以水龙骨单缝孢(Polypodiaceaesporites)及紫萁孢(Osmundacidites)为主。亚热带类群丰富且花粉含量较高(56.3%~91.8%)。孢粉组合反映了该盆地分布以杉科(Taxodiaceae)丰富为特征的沼泽湿地林,可能为重要的成煤植物;盆地低山地带分布有常绿和阔叶落叶混交林为主的森林植被。通过共存分析法获得抚顺盆地早始新世年均温为14.9℃~15.8℃,年均降水量为1011.3~1163 mm。孢粉植物群特征及古气候参数综合分析,抚顺盆地早始新世属于温暖湿润的亚热带气候。     

电离层极风的EISCAT-VHF雷达观测

极风现象从理论上提出已20多年了,实验上一直没有充分地证实这种现象的存在,以及它的形成区域位于高纬顶部电离层中.我们利用欧洲非相干散射协会（EISCAT）的VHF雷达（在挪威Tromsφ）,对H+离子极风进行了首次实验研究,结果表明,实验期间观测到H+离子在顶部电离层中的运动速度始终向上,且随高度的增加而增大,从而证实在高纬顶部电离层中确实存在着一个永久向上的H+离子流,即H+离子极风,其速度在1000km 高度上达到1km/s,其通量在此高度上接近于饱和,达到1012ms（-1）,而温度小于0.26eV.在我们的探测高度上仍未发展成超声速极风.     

高速公路上霾雾演变及其对能见度的影响

沪宁高速公路沿线2006年11月2-3日26个交通气象自动监测站每分钟一次的要素监测表明:霾、雾对能见度都有影响,但在诸多方面存在着一些差异。条件适宜时,可以互相转化演变,其间有一个并存的阶段,认识这些差异及变化的条件对提高低能见度预报水平、做好交通气象服务是有益的。文章剖析了丘陵地区谷地霾抬升以及多雾和雾出现时间早、维持时间长的原因,有助于进一步认识浓雾的局地性和交通沿线能见度的差异。大范围连续数日的大雾大多与大范围的霾有关。在大范围霾雾共存的天气形势下,能见度恶劣现象往往持续数日,至强冷空气南下方能驱散,由于辐射降温,夜间能见度下降,白天略有好转。     

安徽淮北朔里煤矿硬质高岭土矿石特征及自然类型划分

朔里煤矿共生硬质高岭土矿赋存在下石盒子组底部的铝土泥岩中;其主要矿物为高岭石,次要矿物软水铝石,另有少量赤铁矿、金红石、锐钛矿等铁钛矿物;化学成分以Al2O3、SiO2为主,Fe2O3＋TiO2含量超过2％则不能圈定为矿体。朔里煤矿共生硬质高岭土矿共划分四种自然类型：①灰白-浅灰色高岭土矿,②深灰-灰黑色高岭土矿,③花斑状高岭土矿,④灰色含黄铁矿或少量鲕状菱铁矿高岭土矿。     

Mars Express and Venus Express multi-point observations of geoeffective solar flare events in December 2006

In December 2006, a single active region produced a series of proton solar flares, with X-ray class up to the X9.0 level, starting on 5 December 2006 at 10:35 UT. A feature of this X9.0 flare is that associated MeV particles were observed at Venus and Mars by Venus Express (VEX) and Mars Express (MEX), which were ∼80° and ∼125° east of the flare site, respectively, in addition to the Earth, which was ∼79° west of the flare site. On December 5, 2006, the plasma instruments ASPERA-3 and ASPERA-4 on board MEX and VEX detected a large enhancement in their respective background count levels. This is a typical signature of solar energetic particle (SEP) events, i.e., intensive MeV particle fluxes. The timings of these enhancements were consistent with the estimated field-aligned travel time of particles associated with the X9.0 flare that followed the Parker spiral to reach Venus and Mars. Coronal mass ejection (CME) signatures that might be related to the proton flare were twice identified at Venus within <43 and <67 h after the flare. Although these CMEs did not necessarily originate from the X9.0 flare on December 5, 2006, they most likely originated from the same active region because these characteristics are very similar to flare-associated CMEs observed on the Earth. These observations indicate that CME and flare activities on the invisible side of the Sun may affect terrestrial space weather as a result of traveling more than 90° in both azimuthal directions in the heliosphere. We would also like to emphasize that during the SEP activity, MEX data indicate an approximately one-order of magnitude enhancement in the heavy ion outflow flux from the Martian atmosphere. This is the first observation of the increase of escaping ion flux from Martian atmosphere during an intensive SEP event. This suggests that the solar EUV flux levels significantly affect the atmospheric loss from unmagnetized planets.