Crustal structure of seismic velocity in southern Tibet and east-westward escape of the crustal material--An example by wide-angle seismic profile from Peigu Tso to Pumoyong Tso

The reflecting events from Moho and other interfaces within the crust are recognized from the wavefield characteristics of P- and S-wave for the 480km long wide-angle seismic profile between Peigu Tso and Pumoyong Tso. Then, seismic crustal structures of P- and S-wave velocities and Poisson ratio under the nearly east-west profile in southern Tibet are interpreted by fitting the observed traveltimes with the calculated ones by forward modelling. Our interpreting results demonstrate that the crustal thickness varies remarkably in the east-west direction, showing a pattern that the crust could be divided into three parts bounded by the west of Dingri and the east of Dinggyê, respectively, where the depth of Moho is about 71km for the western part, about 76km for the middle and about 74km for the eastern. There is one lower velocity layer (LVL) at the bottom of the upper crust with depth of 20-30 km. One of the distinct features is that the thickness of LVL abruptly thins from 24km on the west to 6km on the east. The other is that the velocity variation in the crust along east-west direction for both P- and S-wave displays a feature as quasi-periodic variation. The lower velocity (compared to the average value for the continent of the globe) in the lower crust and three sets of north-southward active normal faults are probably attributed to the coupling process of material delamination in the lower crust, crustal thicking and east-westward escape of the crustal material accompanied with the continental collision between India and Eurasia Plate.     

诺伊齐德勒湖欧飘和欧白鱼之间的食物资源分配

欧飘和欧白鱼是奥地利诺伊齐德勒湖敝水区的两优势种。本文研究了１９９４年６月至１１月间欧飘和欧白鱼之间的食物资源分配。从６月到９月,欧飘和欧白鱼主食枝角类蒙古秀体溲和透明薄皮溲,生态位重叠度高,在１０月和１１月,欧飘主食桡足类刺北镖水蚤和昆虫,而欧白鱼转移到主食昆虫,生态位重叠降低,食物分配明显。     

Multi-beam and seismic investigations of the active Haima cold seeps,northwestern South China Sea

To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps, an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of the active seepage area. The shapes of bubble plumes are not constant and influenced by the northeastward bottom currents, but the water depth where these bubble plumes disappear (630–650 m below the sea level) (mbsl) is very close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the water column (620 m below the sea level), as calculated from the CTD data within the study area, supporting the “hydrate skin” hypothesis. Gas chimneys directly below the bottom simulating reflectors, found at most sites, are speculated as essential pathways for both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas migrating from deep formations to the gas hydrate stability zone. The fracture network on the top of the basement uplift may be heavily gas-charged, which accounts for the chimney with several kilometers in diameter (beneath Plumes B and C). The much smaller gas chimney (beneath Plume D) may stem from gas saturated localized strong permeability zone. High-resolution seismic profiles reveal pipe-like structures, characterized by stacked localized amplitude anomalies, just beneath all the plumes, which act as the fluid conduits conveying gas from the gas hydrate-bearing sediments to the seafloor, feeding the gas plumes. The differences between these pipe-like structures indicate the dynamic process of gas seepage, which may be controlled by the build-up and dissipation of pore pressure. The 3D seismic data show high saturated gas hydrates with high RMS amplitude tend to cluster on the periphery of the gas chimney. Understanding the fluid migration and hydrate accumulation pattern of the Haima cold seeps can aid in the further exploration and study on the dynamic gas hydrate system in the South China Sea.     

大面积连续分布是页岩层系油气的标志特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

非常规页岩层系油气资源大面积连续分布,是未来全球油气供应的重要接替领域。提出了页岩层系油气的地质内涵,即烃源层系生成、滞留或就近聚集在生烃层系内部或紧邻生烃层系的致密储集层中,利用新技术可实现工业开采的连续分布油气资源,包括源储一体型和源储紧邻型两种资源类型。鄂尔多斯盆地是致密油气、页岩油气等非常规页岩层系油气资源的有利发育区,中生界三叠系延长组、上古生界石炭系—二叠系源储接触面积大,页岩油气、致密油气主要在源内或近源大面积连续分布,具有“普遍含油气、储层致密、低压、低丰度”的典型地质特征,具有稳定平缓的构造面貌、较高成熟源岩广布式生排烃和大面积致密储层叠置分布的有利成藏地质背景,致密油气“甜点区(段)”主要受生烃中心和厚层砂岩分布共同控制,页岩油气“甜点区(段)”主要受富有机质页岩规模、热演化程度、天然裂缝等共同控制。随着页岩层系油气的深入勘探开发,以大面积连续分布为标志特征的页岩层系油气地质理论将深入发展,成为石油天然气地质学的下一次大飞跃。     

Escape route analysis after water inrush from the working face during submarine tunnel excavation

More and more deep-seated long submarine tunnels are under construction, which greatly promotes the development of tunneling technology. The complex geological conditions and frequent geological disasters have become great challenges during submarine tunnel excavation. Among them, casualties and economic losses caused by water inrush are on the top levels in all kinds of tunnel geological disasters. Escape routes after water inrush from the working face during submarine tunnel excavation are investigated and optimized in the present study. Numerical simulations are performed using the FLUENT software to probe water flow characteristics after inrush. Two common cases of water inrush during double-line submarine tunnel excavation are researched. The variation rules of velocity and pressure in the tunnels after inrush are analyzed and discussed. The optimized escape routes are achieved. Finally, the water movement laws after inrush from the working face under different excavation situations are further discussed by comparing the two case studies. Water inrush of high velocity occurs on one working face of the double-line submarine tunnel, and the research results are as follows: (1) The velocity close to the tunnel side wall is the minimum, while it is the maximum in the middle position. (2) The pressure changes greatly at the intersection area of the cross passage and the tunnels. (3) The velocity and pressure nearby the working face without water inrush are both small. (4) The velocity at the high location of the cross passage is relatively small.     

研究人为地质作用是当代地学发展的必然趋势

本文根据地球科学的最新研究进展,探讨了人类活动所引发的各种地质作用－人为地质作用的性质、特点和规律,以及全球变化和人类社会发展的影响。人类对地球的依赖与破坏而产生相互失调的矛盾,始终是解决人类社会与地球关系中一个最突出的问题。因此,加强对人为地质作用的研究不仅有助于这一问题的解决,而且拓宽了地质学的研究领域和服务范围,对促进地球科学的发展将起着重要的作用。     

青藏高原地壳水平差异运动的GPS观测研究

青藏高原及其周边580多个GPS站点的观测资料为基础，通过消除青藏高原的整体刚性运动，将GPS水平速度场归化到“青藏高原整体固定”的参考框架下，使青藏高原内部不同区域的水平差异运动得以获得最大限度的突出。所得速度场图像显示：①以玛尼-玉树-鲜水河断裂为界的青藏高原东南部区域，最突出的内部水平形变表现为一条绕喜马拉雅东构造结的挤出式顺时针“流滑带”。而这一流滑带前缘速度场在青藏高原东南角呈现扇形发散特征，表明整个流滑带起因于高塑性上地壳物质在挤压和重力共同作用下的侧向逃逸；②介于玛尼-玉树-鲜水河断裂和海原断裂之间的青藏高原东北部区域，总体上表现出比较均匀的左旋剪切带特性，但这种左旋剪切在青藏高原东缘的龙门山一带已不再明显，且四川盆地及其以北区域，并未承受强烈挤压。因此，青藏高原东北部区域，相对于高原整体，并无明显的东向逃逸。③在整个青藏高原区域内，阿尔金断裂、海原断裂及玛尼-玉树-鲜水河断裂两侧的速度场显示了明显的差异，反映出这三条断裂带现今强烈的活动性。由于位于玛尼-玉树-鲜水河断裂和喀喇昆仑-嘉黎断裂之间的塑性流滑带的独立东向“逃逸”所产生的“拖拽”使流滑带以北区域表现为整体均匀的左旋剪切，而流滑带以南区域呈现了一定的右旋剪切。     

Photon escape probabilities in expanding atmospheres

A comparison of mean number of scatterings and escape probabilities has been made in isotropic scattering and dipole scattering by using the angle-averaged partial frequency redistribution functionR _I. We have solved the equations of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium simultaneously in a spherically symmetric expanding atmosphere. Two cases of atmospheric extension (i.e.)B/A=3 and 10 (whereB andA are the outer and inner radii of the atmosphere) have been treated. We find that the partial frequency redistribution gives a larger mean number of scatterings compared to that given by complete redistribution. Velocities tend to reduce the mean number of scatterings and in crease the mean escape probabilities.     

Unusual behavior detection and object ranking from movement trajectories in target regions

Unusual behavior detection has been of interest in video analysis, transportation systems, movement trajectories, and so on. In movement trajectories, only a few works identify unusual behavior of objects around pre-defined points of interest (POI), such as surveillance cameras, commercial buildings, etc., that may be interesting for several application domains, mainly for security. In this article, we define new types of unusual behaviors of moving objects in relation to POI, including surround, escape, and return. Based on these types of unusual behavior, we (i) present an algorithm to compute these behaviors, (ii) define a set of functions to weight the degree of unusual behavior of every moving object in the database, and (iii) rank the moving objects according to the degree of unusual behavior in relation to a set of POIs. We evaluate the proposed method with real trajectory data and show that the closest work does not detect the proposed behaviors and ranks objects considering only one type of unusual movement.