新疆地貌区划的一个新方案

在分析总结和借鉴继承前人地貌区划工作的基础上,开展新疆地貌区划研究.首先认为地貌区划既是对地貌划分的结果,也是地貌划分的方法与过程,同时还是认识地貌特征和发现地貌规律的一种科学方法.第二,确定新疆地貌区划的主要原则为区域性原则和等级系统原则,选择自下而上的类型合并与自上而下的区域分割相结合,协调使用的区划方法.第三,在区划原则和区划方法的指导下,对新疆地貌类型分布规律进行定性与定量研究,提出基于遥感和GIS技术的新疆地貌区划新方案,将新疆分为6个地貌区、23个地貌亚区和195个地貌小区.结果表明,该地貌区划方案能够体现出新疆各地貌类型及其分布格局,并具有区划等级的系统性,地貌分区的完整性,以及区划界线的准确性等特点.     

中国西南喀斯特旅游景观区划研究

西南喀斯特集中分布在西南的广西、湖南、贵州、四川、云南、重庆等省、市、自治区,又以贵州高原、滇东高原和四川盆地南部和广西最具有代表性。根据区划理论的自然条件相似性与差异性原则、区域共轭性与景观整体性原则、综合主导性与简洁实用性原则,将西南喀斯特旅游景观划分为由滇东-东南高原山地喀斯特景观区、黔南-桂西北斜坡山地喀斯特景观区、黔中北高原山地喀斯特景观区、桂中盆地喀斯特景观区、渝东中山峡谷喀斯特景观区等5个喀斯特景观区,次一级的多个景观亚区、景观群、景观点构成的景观体系,并对各景观区组合特征进行了具体阐述。     

南平市公路运输危险化学品污染事件的研究

对2004-2007年在福建省南平市行政区域内发生的公路运输危险品污染事件进行统计分析,研究结果表明：南平市4年间共发生26起公路运输危险化学品事故,每年平均6．5起．其中夜间发生事故的比率为57．7％,夏季发生事故的比率为34．6％,35～45岁驾驶员年龄段事故发生率高达59．1％,驾龄在11～15年的为事故多发驾龄段,其发生率为45．5％,发生在弯道的事故占61．5％,超载发生事故的可能性为44．0％,占总数65．4％的事故对环境产生污染．205国道南平段发生危险化学品运输事故的概率为0．0124次／（a·km）,发生危险化学品泄漏事件的可能性为0．0142次／（a·km）,发生危险化学品1t以上大规模连续泄漏事件的概率为0．0098次／（a·km）．     

8.4 ka以来纳木错湖芯介形类组合的环境变化意义

A 332-cm long lacustrine core was drilled in the Nam Co in the central-southern part of the Tibetan Plateau. From the core, 15 species of ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda), which belong to 6 genera have been identified. According to the variations of the ostracod assem-blages and the ostracods ecological features, which are sensitive to the changing environ-ment, three main stages can be distinguished as follows: Stage I was from 8400 to 6800 a BP, during which the climate was cold-humid, and the lake depth changed from shallow to deep. Stage II was from 6400 to 2500 a BP, during which the climate changed from warm-humid to cold-humid, and then to cold-dry. The lake depth gradually became deep. The shifting of cli-mate, from wet-cold to dry-cold during this period, had constructed the basis of present en-vironment in the Nam Co. Stage III was from 2500 a BP to the present, which showed a trait of lake depth increasing. At the earlier period of this stage, the climate kept as cold-dry as that in the former stage, but the salinity of the lake increased. At the later period of this stage, the degree of cold-dry was enhanced, and the activities of land surface runoff tended to be weakened. Our research also found that the peak values of ostracods with black shell was coherent with the maximum production of the ostracods, and agreed with the increasing sedimentary water dynamics. This indicated that the ostracods with black shell was simulta-neous with the high prolificacy of ostracod, and transported from other places. The abun-dance of Candona juvenile shells reflected the high mortality of that kind of ostracods under an unfavorable condition. This was probably a result of the rapid change of water dynamics of sedimentary environment.     

长白山区泥炭沼泽磁化率特征及其环境意义

以长白山区泥炭沼泽为研究对象,沿不同海拔选择赤池、锦北、大牛沟、金川和哈尔巴岭5个代表性采样点。通过对沼泽垂直剖面的精细采样,利用210Pb和137Cs方法对5个剖面进行高精度定年,综合研究和分析泥炭沉积物质量磁化率沿深度垂直分布特征,进而揭示其环境意义。结果表明,长白山区泥炭沼泽磁化率在表层具有明显的富集规律,富集时间始于20世纪初,并在20世纪后期达到峰值,且其富集含量可达以下层位富集平均值的5～10倍;长白山区泥炭磁化率的表聚性特征反映了在盛行西风等自然因素作用下,大气降尘和城市扩张等多种人类活动对区域环境的影响,很好地指示了区域磁性颗粒物污染扩大和加剧趋势。     

江苏兴化DS浅孔沉积物地球化学元素与粒度所揭示的古环境意义

选择位于东亚季风典型区的苏北盆地沉降中心附近湖沼沉积为研究对象,进行了AMS¹⁴C、粒度、地球化学元素的综合分析。分析表明,末次冰消期以来苏北盆地古气候经历了冷干、暖湿、温湿、冷暖波动剧烈、暖湿的变化过程。苏北盆地DS钻孔沉积物所揭示的气候变化与贵州董歌洞石笋氧同位素数据和格陵兰冰芯数据所揭示的气候变化总体变化趋势大体一致,但在一些细部上还是存在着差异,较好的响应了区域环境和全球气候变化。     

西部中国沙棘叶片稳定碳同位素组成的空间特征及其气候意义

分析了西部中国沙棘（Hippophate rhamnoides sinensis）叶片稳定碳同位素组成特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,中国沙棘叶片δ13C值在-30.40‰~-24.91‰之间变化,平均值约为-27.62‰,属于C3植物。随纬度和经度的升高,中国沙棘叶片δ13C值明显升高,而随海拔的升高而降低,具有明显的空间分布特征。中国沙棘叶片δ13C值与温度没有明显的关系,随蒸发量和日照时间的升高而升高,随降水量的升高有降低趋势,具有明显的气候意义。表明中国沙棘具有较高的水分利用效率,水分是控制中国沙棘δ13C值变化或生长的主导因子。     

南极政治及浅析

随着各国对南极考察和研究的日益深入,南极政治作为国际政治的一个新兴领域已经形成。本文拟通过对南极地区的领土争端问题、环境保护问题、矿产资源问题和科学考察问题的研究来阐述南极政治的主要内涵,并对南极政治法律框架在解决这些问题中的作用进行初步的分析,探讨南极条约体系与国际社会的互动对南极政治的影响。     

Cropland cover change in Northeast China during the past 300 years

Land use/cover change induced by human activities has emerged as a “global” phenomenon with Earth system consequences. Northeast China is an area where the largest land cultivation activities by migrants have happened in China during the past 300 years. In this paper, methods including documentary data calibration and multi-sourced data conversion model are used to reconstruct historical cropland cover change in Northeast China during the past 300 years. It is concluded that human beings have remarkably changed the natural landscape of the region by land cultivation in the past 300 years. Cropland area has increased almost exponentially during the past 300 years, especially during the past 100 years when the ratio of cropland cover changed from 10% to 20%. Until the middle of the 19th century, the agricultural area was still mainly restricted in Liaoning Province. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, dramatic changes took place when the northern boundary of cultivation had extended to the middle of Heilongjiang Province. During the 20th century, three agricultural regions with high ratio of cropland cover were formed after the two phases of spatial expansion of cropland area in 1900s–1930s and 1950s–1980s. Since 1930s–1940s, the expansion of new cultivated area have invaded the forest lands especially in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40571165) and Innovation Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-315)     

主体功能区划的研究现状与思考

对主体功能区划相关理论、实践方法进行了梳理和分析,综述了主体功能区划研究动态和存在问题,在此基础上,对主体功能区划进一步研究中需要解决的几个问题,如主体功能区概念内涵、主体功能区划与相关规划的关系与衔接、区域发展政策保障、主体功能区划实践技术方法中争议较多的问题如划分单元、划分方法与指标等进行了探讨。