一次飑线风暴的环境条件和雷达回波特征分析

利用常规气象观测和新一代天气雷达监测资料,对大兴安岭地区加格达奇市2006年8月一次飑线天气的环境条件和雷达回波特征等分析发现：此次过程的影响系统高空槽为前倾结构,飑线发生在地面冷锋前,大气具有较强的不稳定层结,有利于上升运动,水汽充足,低层较强的垂直风切变使对流云团和弓形等线状回波生成并较长时间地维持和发展。对流云团位置与上升运动区域较为一致,产生飑线的强对流云团出现在中低层垂直速度梯度较大并靠近上升运动中心一侧,并位于低层比湿和水汽通量散度梯度较大区域即干锋附近以及K指数能量锋上。飑线弓形回波出现在一个中尺度椭圆状对流云团中心内部发展最强处。当云团向东北偏东方向移过加格达奇雷达站时,雷达反射率因子先后呈现出弓形、＂人＂字形等线状回波特征,当线状回波南端＂人＂字形顶部较强回波和后侧入流急流前方＂V＂型槽口的尖峰移经加格达奇时,带来了雷雨大风天气。     

环境整治与农业经营矛盾中的农户行为和行政调控——基于日本佐渡岛农户调查

随着我国经济的高速发展,生态环境问题越来越突出。在推进国内区域研究的同时,从微观的角度,研究发达国家面临的促进持续发展和保护环境的实际问题对完善我国区域发展理论和施政思路意义重大。本研究基于2006～2008年在日本佐渡岛的实地调研和深度访谈,揭示了政府推进朱鹳野生环境治理的过程中,农户农业经营条件的恶化以及农户的意识...     

Hypercube-Based Visualization Architecture for Web-Based Environmental Geospatial Information Systems

The geospatial field significantly influences the development of the environmental domain, including a wide range of geospatial and cartographic information systems, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Multimedia Atlas Information Systems (MAIS) and more recently web-based GIS (Web-GIS). In this context, we introduce web-based environmental geospatial information systems (Web-EGIS) as a special case of Web-GIS, aiming to integrate the functionalities of geospatial information systems with the enormous quantity of specialized, distributed and highly heterogeneous environmental geo-referenced data and services. We define three main characteristics of the Web-EGIS. The first is a generic hypercube-based data organization and visualization. The next characteristic is a standard-based, three-tier service-oriented architecture. The third and last characteristic is the traceability of the architectural and design decisions, for which we introduce the new concept of an ‘Environmental Application Context’, arguing that not only the functional but also the non-functional requirements (NFRs) have an important role in defining the architecture, software components and data services of such systems. In a nutshell, a Web-EGIS is characterized by a coherent user experience through the hypercube-based visualization concept, technically supported by a service-oriented architecture that is structured according to an extensive analysis of NFRs. On this basis, we introduce the Geodata visualization and interactive training environment (GeoVITe) Platform for Interdisciplinary Environmental Research as a reference implementation of a Web-EGIS with its basic design requirements, integrative hypercube-based visualization for heterogeneous data sources, extended web cartography functionalities, and its de facto system architecture. The concept of the hypercube-based visualization is better transferred to the system architecture by understanding the ‘Environmental Application Context’ of this particular Web-EGIS, which also makes it easier to maintain and enhance. The resulting system is a support platform for research activities in the environmental domain.     

中国北方四类典型下垫面能量分配特征及其环境影响因子研究

中国北方疆域辽阔,多种植被类型交错分布,陆面过程较为复杂.研究该区域地表能量平衡及分配过程,有助于进一步了解其生态系统的生产力及气候变化.本文使用"中国北方协同观测实验"观测资料,选取中国北方四种植被类型——高寒草甸、荒漠草地、玉米农田及半干旱草地,在深入认识地表能量分配特征的基础上,讨论了环境因子对能量分配的影响.结...     

公路建设对甘南草原生态环境的影响

根据甘肃甘南藏族自治区的自然环境特征、国道G213线的工程建设特点,分析了G213线改扩建工程对甘南州草原生态环境的影响。结果表明,公路建设施工期对沿线植被的负面影响较剧烈,局部土壤环境受到较大扰动,被扰动的土体侵蚀类型主要是水蚀,扰动后可能造成水土流失量为68866.7 t,新增水土流失量为63 060.5 t。针对项目可能存在的主要生态环境问题(植被破坏、水土流失等),提出了建议措施。     

环境气象指数的设计方法探讨

在大规模的现场和用户调查的基础上,结合现场观测和试验分析等手段,依据人类生活环境对气象条件的敏感性和依从性原理,提出了涉及人类生活、公共事业、休闲、旅游、农业生产、工程建设、医疗卫生等多种行业的环境气象指数的7种设计方法：回归统计法、因子加权法、经验模式法、历史资料反查法、动力统计法、延伸法、概念模型法,将7种方法单独应用或综合应用,江苏省气象部门开发研制了八大类73个环境气象指数。结合几个环境气象指数的研究实例,阐述了各种设计方法中的关键技术和要点,文中提出的环境指数设计方法较为简单实用,易于业务化,对气象指数的研究和业务工作均有一定的借鉴作用。     

环境场对东海登陆热带气旋陆地路径的影响

采用合成分析的方法,对比分析了在华东南部沿海登陆,维持较短陆地路径和维持较长陆地路径的两类热带气旋的环境场变化,结果表明：环境场对登陆热带气旋的陆地路径的维持有重要影响。当西北太平洋副热带高压迅速加强西伸;中低层低压环流迅速减弱;中低层环境热力条件差,海洋水汽输送中断;高层水平流场呈纬向型,青藏高原反气旋环流相对较弱而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流强大,中纬带西风急流强大时,环境场的配置使热带气旋周围的高层水平辐散弱并衰减,低层水平辐合弱并衰减,热带气旋的对流被抑制,仅能维持较短路径很快就减弱消亡。反之,当西北太平洋副热带高压减弱东退,西风槽南压;低层低压环流长时间维持;中低层环境热力条件好,海洋水汽输送通畅;高层水平流场呈经向型,青藏高原反气旋环流相对强大而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流减弱东退,中纬带西风急流较弱,低空东南风急流强大时,环境场的配置使热带气旋周围高层水平辐散强并维持,低层水平辐合强并维持,热带气旋的对流通畅,能维持较长生命史和较长的路径。     

The emergent network structure of the multilateral environmental agreement system

The conventional piecemeal approach to environmental treaty-making has resulted in a ‘maze’ of international agreements. However, little is known empirically about its overall structure and evolutionary dynamics. This study reveals and characterizes the evolving structure of the web of international environmental treaty law. The structure was approximated using 1001 cross-references among 747 multilateral environmental agreements concluded from 1857 to 2012. Known network analysis measures were used to answer the following questions: has a complex system of international environmental treaty law emerged? If so when, and what does it look like? What are its topological properties? To what extent is the institutional complex fragmented? The network analysis suggested that multilateral environmental agreements have self-organized into an interlocking system with a complex network structure. Furthermore, the system has defragmented as it coevolved with the increasing complexity and interconnectivity of global environmental challenges. This study demonstrates the need to approach multilateral environmental agreements in the context of a complex networked system, and recommends against assuming the overall institutional structure is fragmented. Proposals for global environmental governance reform should pay attention to this network's emergent polycentric order and complexity and to the implications of these features for the functioning of the multilateral environmental agreement system.     

商丘近44年蒸发量变化及其影响因子分析

利用商丘市8个台站1961~2004年的20 cm口径蒸发皿资料,进行蒸发量的年际变化、年代际变化、季节变化以及月分布的分析,结果显示蒸发量存在显著的减少趋势。年际间减少趋势通过了99%的置信度水平,各季节蒸发量以春季和夏季减少最为明显。同时还分析了近44年来日照、风速和温度的变化趋势,并计算了这些气象因子与蒸发量变化的相关系数。分析表明日照时数减少和风速减小是造成商丘市蒸发量下降的主要因素,而气温上升对蒸发量的影响不十分明显。     

北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体——北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就。实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的。经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步。