首都减灾圈的思考与建议

首都减灾圈,系首都减轻自然灾害预测防治圈。1991年12月20—21日在北京召开了《首都圈自然灾害及其减灾对策研讨会》。本文根据这次会议所提供的材料,在从整体上实现减灾的思想指导下,就首都减灾圈的“成灾背景”、“首都减灾圈的组成”、“首都减灾圈的灾害预测与防治状况”、“首都减灾圈的灾害关联性分析”、“首都减灾圈的减灾实效预估”和“首都减灾圈的减灾对策与实施”等六个带有共同性的问题,进行了讨论。供制定首都圈减灾方案时参考。     

武汉天兴洲近代沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

利用多磁性参数(包括质量磁化率、频率磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、退磁系数以及热磁曲线)及磁组构分析,以长江中游武汉天兴洲近代河流沉积物为研究对象, 探讨了近100年以来沉积物磁性参数变化特征及其对长江中上游水文变化及气候环境的指示.结果表明,上部组合带(0.60~1.50 m)和下部组合带(2.40~3.30 m)沉积物的磁性载体以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿为主,同时存在少量较稳定的不完整反铁磁性物质,中部(1.50~2.40 m)亚铁磁性矿物相对较少,且剖面上部沉积物的超顺磁(SP)颗粒对沉积物χ贡献较大.整个沉积剖面自下而上磁性矿物含量呈“C”字型变化,反映了“软”-“硬”-“软”的磁性特性.沉积物磁组构组合带研究显示,历史时期沉积环境水动力强度、颗粒排列有序化程度以及长江流速发生了明显的变化,沉积环境水动力强度经历了“不稳定”－“稳定”－“不稳定”的变化过程,反映了长江古水文状况的变化.近代沉积物磁性特征变化格局与1900年以来以来长江中上游“暖湿”-“温凉”-“暖湿”气候环境变化和“强降水”-“弱降水”-“强降水”以及长江汉口站流量变化过程相吻合.这一研究成果为深刻认识历史时期长江流域气候环境变迁其及对长江古水文和沉积环境的影响提供了重要的参考资料.      

垃圾渗滤液中溶解有机质与内分泌干扰物的吸附机理

为了调查垃圾渗滤液中的溶解有机质(DOM) 及内分泌干扰物(EEDs) 的相互作用机理, 在实验室条件下研究了DOM对EEDs如双酚A (BPA)、雌二醇(E₂)和雌酮(E₁) 的吸附等温线, 并通过FTIR、1HNMR和ESR技术, 分析了DOM与EEDs的吸附机理.结果表明, 垃圾渗滤液中DOM对3种EEDs的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程, 并且可用DOM与EEDs的吸附常数Kf预测EEDs的辛醇/水分配系数(K_ow) 或有机碳分配系数(K_doc), 其中直线回归方程为: lgK_doc=2.062K_f-5.065 (R₂=0.9958, P=0.041 < 0.05).分析也表明DOM吸附EEDs的吸附过程至少存在离子键、共价键和电荷转移等多种吸附机制的协同作用.      

Seasonal use of coastal resources by otters: Comparing sandy and rocky stretches

Seasonal patterns of use of coastal resources by otters have been studied, simultaneously performing diet analyses and spraint counts (expressed as marking intensity, MI). In spite of the small size of the study area, two different sectors could be clearly identified, a sandy and a rocky one. The origin (freshwater or coastal) of most prey types could also be determined. Surveys were performed bimonthly and classified as autumn–winter (A–W) or spring–summer (S–S).In the sandy sector, eels, flatfish and grey mullets were more frequently consumed in A–W, while crayfish was more frequently consumed in S–S. None of the identified prey types in the rocky sectors showed different frequency of occurrence values between the two periods. In this sector otter fed mainly on coastal prey throughout the year, while in the sandy one there was a clear shift from coastal prey to freshwater ones in S–S. The decrease of coastal prey consumption in S–S in the sandy sector coincided with the lowest MI values, showing that in this period otters use coastal areas less intensely. Though shifts in otter diet and use of space in the sandy sector are probably influenced by the population dynamics of estuarine fish species and crayfish, the increased tourist disturbance during spring and summer in the sandy sector could be an important determinant of the observed patterns. Finally, the results show that MI can be used as a reliable measure of habitat use by otters, at least in small areas.     

Groundwater geochemistry of the Chihuahua City region in the Rio Conchos Basin (northern Mexico) and implications for water resources management

The Chihuahua City region, located in the semiarid-arid northern highlands of Mexico, has experienced intensive groundwater abstraction during the last 40 years to meet water demands in the region. A geochemical survey was carried out to investigate the evolution from baseline to modern conditions of a 130-km flow path including the El Sauz–Chihuahua–Aldama–San Diego de Alcalá regions. The research approach included the use of major chemical elements, chlorofluorocarbons and environmental isotope (¹⁸O, ²H, ¹³C and ¹⁴C) tracers. Stable isotopes indicate that groundwater evolves from the evaporation of local rainfall and surface water. Groundwater located at the lower end of the flow section is up to 6000 years old and older groundwater in the order of 9000 years BP was found in a deep well located in the upper part of the flow system, implying contribution from a neighbour basin. The background groundwater chemistry upstream of Chihuahua City results from feldspar weathering. Beyond Chihuahua City the chemical conditions are strongly modified owing to disposal of sewage from public and industrial water supplies into the Rio Chuviscar, subsequent allocation of this water to agricultural irrigation areas and direct infiltration under the river bed. As a consequence, anions like chloride and sulphate are mainly related to surface sources. Nitrate is controlled in part by sewage from public supply and industry and in part by agricultural practices. Arsenic and fluoride are related to weathering of rock formations of local mineralized ranges and subsequent enrichment of the basin-fill by magmatic processes. The results of this study have implications for groundwater management in an arid region that depends entirely on groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural water consumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of size on the constitutive equations of concrete or rock dowels

The numerical fracture analysis of non‐homogeneous rock or concrete dowels subjected to shear and compression is described in detail. The method of analysis allows the consideration of scale and rate effects due to material non‐homogeneity and fracture. The proposed approach is verified by comparing numerical predictions with experimental results reported in the literature for a series of small rock samples, since experimental evidence for large bodies is not yet available (2007). Results generated by Monte Carlo simulation using the so‐called discrete element method to model the dowels suggest that a simple three parameters law can be used to predict the relationship between tangential stress at the base and lateral distortion. It is observed that the larger the size of the cubes, the smaller both the peak tangential stress and the rupture distortion. Size effects are also evaluated in samples with vertical restraint. The influence of loading rate is likewise numerically assessed for two sample sizes. The effect is compatible with experimental evidence available for concrete using small samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on founding of a residential–administrative complex in poor soil conditions in seismic prone region

This paper gives a brief presentation of the study on foundation of a residential business complex. The unfavourable geotechnical conditions of the site considered led to the need to improve the natural foundation soil. The most favourable and rational solution for providing safety and stability of structures was the combination of gravel and a sub-base. Computations were done as follows: analysis of the stress–strain state by using the parameters of the natural non-improved soil and analyses performed by using the parameters of the improved soil. The results from these analyses were used for analysis of the integral soil–structure system. Hence, complete information on the possibility for optimisation of the foundation structure was obtained.     

Characterization of the mesospheric sodium layer at La Palma

We present the results of a mesospheric sodium monitoring programme at La Palma carried out through five campaigns of one week each, from 1999 September to 2000 August. The yearly averaged parameters of the layer (the sodium column density and the width) are given. We show that the short time-scale dynamics of the layer are governed by the sporadic layers with an average frequency of one event per night. The influence of the short time-scale dynamics of the layer on an adaptive optics system working on the William Herschel Telescope is quantified. It appears that it is a small effect in terms of defocus error. Finally, we present data obtained during the Perseid meteor shower and show that the dynamics of the sodium layer undergoes a transition with the meteoric activity.     

Use of environmental magnetic measurements to validate the vertical extent of ice masses at the Last Glacial Maximum

Analysis of soil samples from above and below trimlines representing the upper limit of glacial erosion at the Last Glacial Maximum demonstrates that soils with prolonged weathering histories above such trimlines yield significantly different mineral magnetic signatures from soils below trimlines. The nature of the contrast is conditioned by lithology. Basalt soils above the trimline yield significantly higher values of concentration‐dependent magnetic parameters (χ, χ_arm, IRM_3T, soft IRM and hard IRM) than those below the trimline, due probably to transformation of non‐magnetic iron‐bearing minerals into magnetic forms. Conversely, for sandstone soils most magnetic parameters yield significantly lower values for above‐trimline samples, probably reflecting loss of ferrimagnetic minerals by dissolution and oxidation to aniferrimagnetic forms. These significant contrasts represent a new approach to validating high‐level weathering limits as periglacial trimlines cut at the Last Glacial Maximum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北地区唐代渤海古城遗址空间格局及影响因素分析

运用ArcGIS软件及空间分析等方法,研究了东北地区234座唐朝渤海国古城遗址分布特征,探讨了古城遗址空间格局与自然条件的关系。通过对234座古城址进行分析,发现唐朝渤海国古城址主要集中在4个集聚区,即图们江?鸭绿江流域集聚区（A）、牡丹江流域集聚区（B）、松花江?辽河流域集聚区（C）、穆棱河流域集聚区（D）。其中图们江?鸭绿江流域集聚区是最主要的遗址分布区,位于研究区的南部,占遗址总量的47.43%。研究区渤海国古代城址呈北疏南密的分布特征,形成明显的“空间组群”格局。在当时的气候环境之下,水热条件等自然因素成为影响城址的主要因素,而政治、经济、军事和交通区位等人文因素则对古城遗址的数量和分布起重要导向作用。