农村人口流动中的“人地关系”与迁入地创业行为的影响因素

基于“人地关系”视角下的农村流动人口创业行为影响机制理论模型,并辅之以江苏省的实证研究,从“环境”和“个体”两个方面解读其对农村流动人口迁入地创业行为的影响。采用2010年江苏省城镇暂住人口的抽样调查数据,通过二元Logistic模型发现,农村流动人口的个人经济社会特征及其所处的社会、文化、城市环境均对其创业行为产生影响。特别是城市环境方面,城市总人口规模和农村流动人口规模对农村流动人口的创业行为具有反向影响;控制规模之后,在户口含金量越高的地区,农村流动人口创业的可能性越低,这反映了中国特殊的制度环境对农民工创业行为的影响。     

苏州人居环境建设中创业文化氛围的培育

文章通过分析苏州近代历史,探讨了苏州人居环境中优越的物质和自然环境与创业精神缺失的矛盾及其产生根源,并对新经济时代苏州人居环境建设中创业文化氛围培育的需求和具体的做法进行了深入的探讨。     

当代国际移民创业研究进展

移民创业活动是经济地理学研究中一个重要主题。创业是一种经济活动,但不同群体的创业活动蕴含着不同文化内涵和行为选择。移民创业的研究是解读移民群体社会与文化形成的一个关键的维度。移民群体具有明显的边界,其内部的空间秩序、社会网络、族裔文化以及共同的身份认同都是值得探讨话题,因此学界对移民创业活动给予了持续的关注。移民活动日益频繁,所涉及的行业地域日益扩大,对移民创业群体的研究有利于促进区域经济发展、了解全球政治网络,沟通地理学与社会学和经济学的研究融合,是经济地理学研究中值得关注的问题。本文基于Citespace软件,运用文献分析法,从国际移民创业概念内涵阐述、研究动态、研究前沿及演变、未来研究可能四个方面出发,阐述移民创业研究的历史脉络及进展。研究发现美国和英国在移民创业中占有重要地位。区域创业环境是研究者们主要关注的话题,与创业联系最为紧密的是绩效（0.28）、自雇佣（0.17）和组织（0.17）等关键词研究。全球化趋势不可逆转,跨国主义日趋强盛,未来关于移民及移民创业的研究大有可期。     

Ethnic concentration and entrepreneurship: the case of African Americans in three US metropolitan areas

Using 2006–2010 American Community Survey data and a multilevel research design, this study examines how the spatial concentration of African Americans within local labor markets is associated with the probability of self-employment and job earnings from business ownership. We find a negative relationship between the spatial concentration of African Americans and their business ownership in Miami, but not in Atlanta. In Detroit, a higher percentage of US-born African Americans in the local labor market is actually associated with a higher probability of business ownership. The relationship between the percentage of African Americans and job earnings also differs across the three study areas. These results suggest that the relationship between racial/ethnic concentration and African American entrepreneurship is highly contingent on the economic conditions and demographic composition of local labor markets.     

Strengthening the Ties Between Tourism and Economic Geography: A Theoretical Agenda*

This paper stresses the importance of bridging the conceptual gap between tourism research and economic geography. It explains why the tourism production system has been unable to avoid its peripheral position in economic geography. The paper then focuses on the structure and organization of the principal agents comprising the tourism production system and identifies the state's pivotal role as coordinator of these agents. Lastly, it highlights two under-researched issues relating to entreprcneurship and labor pools and makes recommendations for further research.     

New firm formation in old industrial regions – a study of entrepreneurial in-migrants in Bergslagen,Sweden

The article examines new firm formation in the old industrial region (OIR) of Bergslagen in Sweden, and in particular the role of in-migrants. The study is based on longitudinal georeferenced microdata (1993–2008) compiled by Statistics Sweden and providing information on individuals' attachments to the Swedish labour market, as well as workplaces and firms, education, income, and family composition. This specially commissioned database enabled the characterization and analysis of emerging forms of entrepreneurship and self-employment, as well as the socio-economics of the labour market. The longitudinal data allowed the authors to trace actions taken by individuals over time. The results indicate that new firm formation is related to private services, rather than to the traditional manufacturing sector and public services that currently dominate the regional labour market. Self-employed in-migrants are active in other sectors than non-migrants, and show some distinct features in terms of their lower age, better education, and more often non-Nordic background. The study showed that both in-migration and return migration had a positive, significant, and substantial effect on migrants' decision to start a business when a number of other individual characteristics had been controlled for.     

商贸集群相关制造业发展的动力机制探析——以山东临沂为例

产业集群文献对商贸集聚区的地方工业化过程缺乏足够的关注。本文选择中国北方地区的重要商贸城—山东临沂的永兴国际玩具城为案例,以商户的业务扩张为视角,讨论市场优势促进其制造业集聚的内在机理;建立"个体企业家精神—商贸集群外部经济—跨区价值链动态"三维理论框架,通过结构化问卷调查收集第一手数据,获得117份有效问卷,运用二元Logistic回归模型,分析商户进入生产领域的驱动力以及影响自产规模的主要因素。研究结果显示:第一,旨在产品创新的企业家精神是促使商户业务扩张的个体因素;第二,商贸集群外部经济对商户涉足加工及其后规模扩张均有显著影响,进一步证明基于产品多样性的商贸集群外部经济是促进当地工业化的地方因素;第三,与区外供货商的价值链合作关系是商户获得生产技术的初始渠道,以此为基础的跨区域学习有助于商户涉足加工制造,成为不可或缺的区外因素。     

An innovation and agency perspective on the emergence and spread of Marine Spatial Planning

The roles of governance and technological innovation have been widely recognized as important parts of sustainability transitions. However, less attention has been paid to understanding the mechanisms of the emergence and spread of innovative ideas for stewardship of social–ecological systems. This study considers how theories of innovation and agency are able to provide explanatory power regarding the spread and impact of such ideas. This includes how innovations may contribute to resolving the mismatches between the scale of ecological processes and the scale of governance of ecosystems. The emergence and spread of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is used as an illustrative case study. The study shows that individuals embedded in informal networks have played a key role in driving the emergence of MSP across scales and in constantly re-framing the tool in order to overcome obstacles to adoption and implementation. In a number of cases, MSP has been decoupled from the ecosystem despite being framed as a tool for ecosystem-based management. Finally, this study is important to understand the process of emergence of new integrated tools for ecosystem stewardship at the global level.     

Social Network Approach to Understand the Ethnic Economy: A Theoretical Discourse<Superscript>1</Superscript>

In this paper we suggest how social network analysis, in contrast to looking at physical space, can be used to trace the social and economic location of ethnic enclaves. Taking skilled workers immigrating to Canada from China as an example, we analyze critically how split labor market theories describe materialist and structural factors that determine immigrants’ limited options. Cultural theories play up immigrants’ interest in using their cultural resources to pull themselves ahead. We propose that social network analysis as a single framework can bring together elements from materialist–structural and cultural theories. The position of people and firms in these networks gives us a view of the kinds of jobs immigrants get and the businesses they set up. To understand the ethnic economy, we discuss how networks of social and economic relations intersect each other. By seeing the ethnic economy embedded in social networks, we can provide a more general explanation of the social space of the ethnic economy in contrast to its physical location. We use three cases of ethnic entrepreneurs to illustrate how the social and economic relations locate their businesses in the enclave and how they are also linked to the mainstream economy. ¹This paper has benefitted from the critical clarifications of Chiu Luk and an anonymous reviewer, and the talented editing of Allen Sutterfield. Lynn Xu Liping helped on an earlier draft.     

回流创业研究进展及基于空间嵌入的研究框架

作为推进新型城镇化和乡村振兴的重要力量,回流人口及其创业活动受到广泛关注。研究回流人口创业的空间格局与过程、创业发生与成长机制对于满足国家和社会重大需求、推进地理学的创业研究具有重要意义。通过系统梳理人口回流、创业决策及其驱动机制等相关文献,发现回流创业的空间特征与空间规律研究较为薄弱,不同尺度的空间环境如何与回流个体相互作用,进而导致差异化的创业结果未得到充分探讨。针对回流人口社会经济关系和资本积累的空间多重性特征,在嵌入理论基础上,运用地理学的“多尺度空间嵌入”分析工具,构建回流人口创业的研究框架,并遵循“格局-过程-机制-模式”的研究路线,提出未来应重点开展的研究内容：探讨回流创业的空间格局与创业过程的耦合关系,揭示回流创业的发生与成长机制,探索在不同层级、不同类型空间中回流创业的一般特征与规律。以期为人口流动新背景下地理学的创业研究、回流研究提供理论参考,为构建地区创业支持体系提供科学支撑。