中国重要金属矿产资源现状、供需、进出口数据集

金属矿产是经济社会发展的物质基础。本数据集采集了16种对国民经济发展有重要影响的大宗紧缺矿产（铁、锰、铜、铝、金、铅、锌、镍、铬）、优势矿产（钨、钼、锡、锑）及战略新兴矿产（锂、钴、钛）2006—2017年的世界及中国资源储量、原矿产量、消费量、贸易量及贸易金额等数据。数据集为Excel表格型数据,包含6个sheet表（世界资源量、中国查明资源储量、中国基础储量、中国原矿产量、中国原矿消费量、中国进出口量）,旨在分析研究我国在工业化进程中后期阶段所需重要金属矿产的资源现状和供需趋势。数据集显示：①我国大宗紧缺矿产如铁、锰、铜、金等查明资源储量虽稳步增长,但开采消耗量大,使得基础储量增速缓慢;未来需求总量仍将维持高位,国内保障程度不足,进口量持续攀升。优势矿产资源钨、锑储采比低,后备资源接替不足,优势程度下降;②战略新兴矿产锂、钴、钛资源量、基础储量增长缓慢或呈下降态势,国内资源品质较差,难利用资源多;产量、消费量近十年快速增长,且未来将持续高增长,国内资源储量增长缓慢,供需矛盾凸显。该数据集对已有金属矿产供需数据的收集和总结,为今后金属矿产勘查及战略部署提供参考。     

川西甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中熔体、流体包裹体固相物质研究

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩和伟晶岩内发育大量原生熔体包裹体和富晶体流体包裹体。为了查明甲基卡成矿熔体、流体性质与演化特征,运用激光拉曼光谱和扫描电镜鉴定了甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉不同结构带内的原生熔体、流体包裹体的固相物质。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩石英内熔体包裹体的矿物组合为磷灰石+白云母、白云母+钠长石、白云母+石墨;伟晶岩绿柱石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为刚玉、富铝铁硅酸盐+刚玉+锂辉石、锂辉石+石英+锂绿泥石;伟晶岩锂辉石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为磷灰石、锡石、磁铁矿、石英+钠长石+锂绿泥石、萤石、富钙镁硅酸盐+富铁铝硅酸盐+富铁硅酸盐+石英;花岗岩浆熔体与伟晶岩浆熔体(流体)具有一定的差异,成矿熔体、流体成分总体呈现出碱质元素(Na、Si、Al)、挥发分(F、P、CO_2)含量增高及基性元素(Fe、Mg、Ca)降低的特征;包裹体中子矿物与主矿物的化学成分具有一定的差别,揭示出伟晶岩熔体(流体)存在局部岩浆分异作用,具不混溶性及非均匀性。因此认为,伟晶岩熔浆(流体)为岩浆分异与岩浆不混溶共同作用的产物,挥发分含量的增高(F、P、CO_2)使伟晶岩能够与稀有金属组成各类络合物或化合物,这对于稀有金属成矿起到了至关重要的作用。     

天然硫化物矿物对地球深部热能的热电转化效应研究

金属硫化物半导体矿物在地壳中分布广泛,其中一些禁带宽度较窄的硫化物矿物,如黄铁矿、黄铜矿和斑铜矿等,在地热梯度下产生的天然热电势可将地球内部热能转化为电能。本文选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿以及斑铜矿-赤铁矿-辉铜矿集合体等天然硫化物矿物样品,研究了其热电特性。研究结果表明,300～700K下,除磁黄铁矿具有低塞贝克系数和超高电导率而表现出金属导体的电输运行为外,黄铁矿和黄铜矿为n型半导体,斑铜矿和斑铜矿-赤铁矿-辉铜矿集合体为p型半导体,具有150～500μV/K的显著塞贝克系数和5～95 S/cm的电导率,说明样品在地热梯度下具有产生显著热电效应的能力。根据激光闪射法测得的热扩散率以及样品的理论比热、密度计算热导率,斑铜矿及硫化物矿物集合体样品表现出小于1 W/(m·K)的低热导率,说明样品在局部热源影响下可形成较大温差。根据热电基本理论和地热梯度构建天然热电效应模型,对硫化物半导体矿物集合体产生的天然热电势、额外地表电流密度及热电转换效率进行了模拟计算得出经验公式,发现硫化物半导体矿物在300～650 K条件下能产生100 m V左右的天然热电势,产生的最大热电转化率可达4‰,且可以通过偶极电流源模型计算矿物体产生的额外地表电流密度。研究认为硫化物半导体矿物可能作为天然热电转换介质深刻影响地球内部能量的转化与传递过程。     

基于广义热力学的超固结土本构模型

基于广义热力学基本理论,通过考虑塑性剪切变形产生的能量一部分以塑性自由能的形式储存,并且该部分自由能与超固结度相关,结合修正剑桥模型的热力学函数形式建立了适用于超固结土的自由能函数和耗散函数。该耗散函数与当前应力状态无关,相关联流动法则仍然适用。由建立的耗散函数和自由能函数,推导了弹塑性本构关系的屈服函数、流动法则、硬化定律。通过4种不同超固结土的试验结果和计算结果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性。     

Applications of Light Stable Isotopes(C,O, H) in the Study of Sandstone Diagenesis: A Review

This article reviews the applications of light stable isotope, including carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, in thestudies on origin and formation temperature of authigenic carbonate, quartz and clay minerals. Theoretical knowledge andanalytical methods for major light stable isotopes are introduced in detail. Negative and positive δ¹³C values indicatesignificant differences on the origin of carbonate cements. The δ¹⁸O value is an effective palaeotemperature scale forauthigenic minerals formation. Various fractionation equations between δ¹⁸O and temperature are proposed for carbonatecements, quartz cements and clay minerals, whose merit and demerit, applicable conditions are clarified clearly. Clumpedisotope analysis can reconstruct the temperature of carbonate precipitation with no requirement on the δ¹⁸O of initial waters,which makes temperature calculation of carbonate cements formation more convenient and accurate. Hydrogen and oxygenisotopes mainly reflect the origin of diagenetic fluid for clay mineral formation, providing reliable evidence for diageneticenvironment analysis. This work aims at helping researchers for better understanding the applications of light stable isotopein sandstone diagenesis.     

X射线衍射-扫描电镜等技术研究秘鲁铜硫矿石选矿工艺矿物学特征

秘鲁铜硫矿石的主要回收对象是铜和硫矿物,由于铜矿物嵌布复杂、粒度过细以及与各种脉石矿物或金属矿物交生关系紧密,利用传统工艺矿物学研究方法如化学分析、光学显微镜检测等较难准确定量其工艺矿物学参数。本文采用化学分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、偏光显微镜及矿物参数自动分析系统(MLA)等技术手段,研究秘鲁铜硫矿石的化学成分、矿物组成和主要矿物的嵌布特征、粒度分布及单体解离特性等,并对影响选矿指标的主要矿物学因素进行分析。结果表明:矿石中主要元素为Cu(0.65%)和S(9.53%)。矿石中黄铁矿(16.57%)含量较高,形态较为规则,与其他矿物之间的交生关系相对简单,粒度普遍偏粗,其中粒径大于0.30mm的黄铁矿占95.06%。铜矿物主要以不规则粒状、皮壳状、网脉状、纤维状、尘粒状、斑点状分布于脉石中或与黄铁矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿等金属矿物交生紧密,粒度极不均匀,使得铜矿物解离难度加大,且矿石中云母(12.51%)、绿泥石(3.74%)、滑石(3.34%)、高岭石、蒙脱石(3.59%)等黏土质矿物含量较高,在磨矿过程中易发生泥化从而恶化分选环境。根据该类型矿石的工艺矿物学特性,本文建议采用"粗磨-部分优先浮铜-铜硫混浮-混合精矿再磨再选分离"的工艺流程,可得到质量高的铜、硫精矿。     

动能歧视模式ICP-MS测定地球化学样品中14种痕量元素

应用传统ICP-MS法测定勘查地球化学样品中Ag、Cd等痕量元素,基体效应和多原子离子干扰严重,准确测定的难度较大。本文基于当前ICP-MS消除干扰技术,分析了ICP-MS标准模式(STD)及动能歧视模式(KED)测定地球化学样品中Ag、Cd等14种痕量元素的有效性,通过比较这两种模式的测定效果,在此基础上确定了各元素的有效测定模式。结果表明:在KED模式下,基体元素如Zr、Nb氧化物的产率降低,基本上消除了Zr、Nb氧化物对痕量元素Ag、Cd的多原子离子干扰。KED模式提高了信噪比,降低了方法检出限,如Ag、Cd的检出限分别为0. 004mg/kg、0. 005mg/kg,其他12种元素的检出限也低于多目标地球化学调查76种元素分析方案中的检出限。测定痕量元素的准确度显著优于STD模式。实验中采用简单的硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解样品,残渣用王水复溶,结合KED模式下优选出干扰较小的同位素作为测定同位素,以Rh作为内标校正仪器产生的信号漂移,将样品溶液稀释至1000倍,基体效应降低至最小。本方法经国家一级标准物质的验证,测定结果与认定值相符,可为勘查地球化学提供高质量数据。     

内蒙古巴彦敖包地区安格尔音乌拉组地层锂土壤地球化学异常成因研究

内蒙古巴彦敖包地区广泛出露上泥盆统安格尔音乌拉组地层,1∶5万土壤地球化学测量工作圈定的31处锂单元素异常与安格尔音乌拉组地层分布范围吻合良好。安格尔音乌拉组地层锂元素的富集与该套地层的原生沉积作用密切相关,未发生次生富集。通过对安格尔音乌拉组地层碎屑物源区及沉积作用的研究,认为其锂元素物质来源与镁铁质火山岩中锂元素的侵蚀溶出有关。溶出的锂元素被碎屑物中的粘土矿物吸附随后沉积成岩造成区内广泛分布的锂土壤地球化学异常。进而做出推断,研究区内晚泥盆世甚至更早存在大规模中基性火山活动,应该存在大规模古火山机构。提出一种新的沉积型锂矿成矿模式,即古火山机构周边的粘土矿物含量较高的碎屑岩层位在一定构造背景及沉积环境下可以具备锂元素富集成矿的条件。     

‘Box‐Profile’ Ion Implants as Geochemical Reference Materials for Electron Probe Microanalysis and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Although electron probe microanalysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry are widely used analytical techniques for geochemical and mineralogical applications, metrologically rigorous quantification remains a major challenge for these methods. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in particular is a matrix‐sensitive method, and the use of matrix‐matched reference materials (RMs) is essential to avoid significant analytical bias. A major problem is that the number of available RMs for SIMS is extremely small compared with the needs of analysts. One approach for the production of matrix‐specific RMs is the use of high‐energy ion implantation that introduces a known amount of a selected isotope into a material. We chose the more elaborate way of implanting a so‐called ‘box‐profile’ to generate a quasi‐homogeneous concentration of the implanted isotope in three dimensions, which allows RMs not only to be used for ion beam analysis but also makes them suitable for EPMA. For proof of concept, we used the thoroughly studied mineralogically and chemically ‘simple’ SiO₂ system. We implanted either ⁴⁷Ti or ⁴⁸Ti into synthetic, ultra‐high‐purity silica glass. Several ‘box‐profiles’ with mass fractions between 10 and 1000 μg g^?1 Ti and maximum depths of homogeneous Ti distribution between 200 nm and 3 μm were produced at the Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research of Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf. Multiple implantation steps using varying ion energies and ion doses were simulated with Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) software, optimising for the target concentrations, implantation depths and technical limits of the implanter. We characterised several implant test samples having different concentrations and maximum implantation depths by means of SIMS and other analytical techniques. The results show that the implant samples are suitable for use as reference materials for SIMS measurements. The multi‐energy ion implantation technique also appears to be a promising procedure for the production of EPMA‐suitable reference materials.     

Discussion on establishing monitoring networks for temperature fields of shallow thermal energy in Shandong,China

In the recent decade, the construction projects related to shallow geothermal energy engineering have undergone rapid development in Shandong Province. The predominant type of these developments and applications was heat exchange through buried tubes and the main targets were residential and office buildings. However, an overwhelming majority of the completed geothermal heat pump projects lacked monitoring devices so that they were unable to comprehensively reflect the background values for the geothermal fields within the province and few researches were conducted on their influence on the geological environment. In this paper, locations for monitoring shallow geothermal energy and their validity of the monitoring point deployment were studied in view of the development and application status as well as geological background conditions of various projects located in multiple cities providing data support for analyzing the fluctuation trend and influence of large-scale shallow geothermal energy applications on the shallow geothermal and the feasibility and parameter designs of newly built systems in Shandong Province in the future.