海南岛澄迈角沙滩潮间带底栖动物生态初步研究

对海南岛海岸澄迈角沙滩的3个断面进行了潮间带生态调查。初步鉴定无脊椎动物32种,其中软体动物8种,甲壳类14种,多毛类8种,其它动物2种。优势的大型底栖动物有端足类的肢突跳钩虾Talorchestia brito,等足类的日本异浪漂水虱Excirolana japonica和双壳类的等边浅蛤Gomphina aequilatera。垂直分布可分为:(1)钩虾带,以肢突跳钩虾为特征种;(2)等足类带,以日本异浪漂水虱为特征种;(3)蛤-螺带,以等边浅蛤-(虫昌)螺Umbonium vestiarium为特征种。研究表明,沙滩底栖动物垂直分布主要受潮汐、底质、盐度和波浪的影响。     

东川6.5级地震前的外部环境异常

1966年2月5日东川6.5级地震前3年震区周围降水量的大幅度涨落,震前1月内气温、地温的明显增高,震前1—2天霾和动物异常的出现。以及地震发生在近“望”时刻等环境变化,说明东川6.5级地震前既有地下热能输出,又受到地表动荷载和天体引潮力的激励,即东川6.5级地震是在地壳内外作用叠加下发生的。     

Assessment of diversity, distribution, conservation status and preparation of management plan for medicinal plants in the catchment area of parbati hydroelectric project stage — III in Northwestern Himalaya

The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himachal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage III of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage II. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage II and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage II. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees (23 spp.), shrubs (22 spp.), herbs (57 spp.) and ferns (2 spp.) were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part (s) used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity. DDifferent parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots (including rhizomes and tubers), leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 30 species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographic unit (sensu lato), the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armatum is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.     

Hydrological regimes in a tropical valley of New Caledonia (SW Pacific): Impacts of wildfires and invasive fauna

In New Caledonia wildfires and invasive mammals (deer and wild pigs) constitute the major agents of land surface degradation. Our study reveals the linkage between land cover and water balance on the northeast coast of New Caledonia (2400 mm annual rainfall) located on a micaschist basement. The hydrological regime of characteristic and representative land surfaces is assessed using a 1-year record from three 100 m² plots each, located in a forest area degraded by an invasive fauna, in a woody savannah which is regularly burned, and in a healthy forest area. The three plots present highly contrasting hydrological regimes, with annual and maximum runoff/rain ratios during a rain event of, respectively, 0.82, 0.16, 0.03, and 2.7, 0.7, 0.2, for the degraded forest, the savannah and the healthy forest. Such results suggest that subsurface flow originating from the contributing area above the degraded forest plot should exfiltrate inside the plot. A conceptual model for the degraded forest plot shows that water exfiltrating inside the plot represents 61% of the observed runoff. In savannahs, water should mainly be transferred downstream by subsurface flow within a thick organic soil layer limited by an impervious clay layer at a 20–30 cm depth. Savannahs are generally located above forests and generate the transfer of rainwater to downslope forests. Exfiltration into the forests can be the result of this transfer and depends on the thickness and permeability of the forest topsoils and on topographic gradients. Water exfiltration in forest areas highly degraded by pigs and deer enhances erosion and increases further degradation. It probably also limits percolation in the areas located downstream by increasing the amount of superficial runoff concentrated in gullies.     

Artificial Marine Micro‐Reserves Networks (AMMRNs): an innovative approach to conserve marine littoral biodiversity and protect endangered species

Coastal engineering works, especially the outer breakwaters of ports where environmental conditions are usually good, often constitute new habitats for marine littoral species. Their potential indirect contribution to the regeneration and conservation of protected species opens up a new perspective in protection of marine biodiversity. This is particularly true when these works harbour, as we show here, important reproductive populations of species that are threatened or even in danger of extinction. We provide integrated data on protected marine species in Southern Iberia established on different substrata (quarried dolomitic rocks, concrete cubic blocks, concrete tetrapods and vertical concrete walls) that are used in the construction of artificial levees that could potentially be Artificial Marine Micro‐Reserves (AMMRs). We also present the first evidence of the ‘reserve effect’ in potential AMMRs and we discuss the need for the creation of AMMRs including their effective networking (AMMRNs), supporting data for which has been observed by studying coastal facilities subjected to strict access restrictions (for security reasons, not conservation). These facilities have acted as valuable proxies and, in reality, potentially act as AMMRs, as well as having a role in helping to detect and control invasive species. We discuss the ecological engineering aspects related to the design and type of materials used in coastal constructions with a view to aiding the integration of these into existing coastal ecosystems as well as promoting greater settlement of species and therefore increases in biodiversity. Finally, the environmental implications of AMMRNs within the future implementation strategy of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 EC are also discussed.     

Bitching about a billboard: Advertising, gender and canine (re)presentations

There is an increasing presence of animal representations in advertising and these are frequently visible in the urban landscape via billboards. We contend that billboards constitute a banal, yet influential, component of the built environment in which subtle, yet powerful, interplays of gender and local culture can literally take place. We consider a controversial billboard campaign that displayed the image of a cross-dressed dog in Auckland in 1999. An analysis of the image and objections lodged against it allows us to conclude that in conveying a public service message, this campaign mounted by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, unintentionally performed another service: engaging the public in (re)interpreting the gendered nature of animal representation     

有关环境危害方面的一些问题——环境及其对社会与动物行为的影响(英文)

在很大程度上 ,危害是由地貌、地质及地球动力学等方面的原因引起的 ,而且从根本上来说 ,这些危害会影响到环境及其构型。一系列的自然现象都能引起自然灾害 (危害 )。人类对环境变化有巨大影响 ,并会导致大气圈、水圈的污染 ,而显著地损坏生物圈 ,例如大气圈、水圈、臭氧层等的破坏。更多的人为因素也会导致全球变暖及污染。许多内生的原因 ,对灾害的产生也起着重大作用。不过 ,就大多数物种在其中得以产生及演化的天然外界环境而言 ,它还有另一个值得注意的方面。环境也会影响到社会结构以及包括人类在内的生物的生活方式。可以把生命活动看成是岩石圈、大气圈、水圈及生物圈之间的一种复杂的相互作用。生命的起源 ,可以不同的看法来进行检阅。人类得以产生演化的环境 ,以及人类由综合和专业化了的器官组成的身体结构 ,已被用来与其他类似动物所具备的进行比较 ,并从广义的动物王国意义上 ,对生物间的关系做了研究和比较。对动物的行为做了研究 ,并对有关人类永生的“生命延长”概念给予了考虑。     

长果桑果熟期摄食鸟类多样性

鸟类对山地环境的变化敏感，对森林结构和食物资源的反应明显，我们在西双版纳人为影响的热带山林，进一步研究了长果桑果期摄食鸟类种群结构，对人类影响下森林生态系统动植关系及其动态变化有更清楚的了解；一些地区特有的鸟类种和亚种、大中型非雀形目鸟类、以及人们需要重点保护的鸟类，已经随着植被结构的变化和食源的减少而失去了。若不尽早消除干扰、改善植被结构，情况还会越来越严重。只有保护森林自然结构和自然更新，停止对森林结构的破坏性干扰，才可能有效保护鸟类多样性。     

邢台地震的震后异常分析

对１９６６年３月８日邢台６．８级地震后的异常进行了逐项分析与讨论，发现有些震后异常与后续７．２级主震有比较可信的内在联系。本文在归纳邢台震后异常特征的基础上，提出了６条可能在同类条件下对预报后续地震具有普遍意义的意见。     

甘肃省畜牧气候资源分析

从甘肃省畜牧气候资源基本特点出发，着重分析了畜牧业界限温度指标、时空分布以及气候条件对牧草产量、家畜膘情变化、牧事活动的影响。