Modelling to analyse the impacts of animal treading effects on soil infiltration

Animal treading can change soil physical properties, and thus is an important factor in hydrological modelling. We investigated the impacts of animal treading on infiltration by using a series of rainfall simulation experiments at Whatawhata Research Center, Waikato, New Zealand. The study identified significant variables for estimating soil steady‐state infiltration at a micro‐site (0·5 m²) and fitted the Green and Ampt equation by modifying or including variables for soil and water parameters and animal activities on grazing paddocks. A regression function for estimating steady‐state infiltration rate was created for each of four scenarios: between tracks (inter‐track), track, easy slope with ash soil, and easy slope with clay soil. Significant variables included the number of days after treading, antecedent soil moisture, field capacity, percentage of bare ground, bulk density, and the high degree of soil damage (damage not compacted). Regression models explained more than 71% of the variance in steady‐state infiltration for three scenarios, but only 53% for the easy slope with clay soil. The remodified Green and Ampt equation provided satisfactory estimation of infiltration for all scenarios (accuracy > 80%), and thus enables us to use the modified model for Waikato hill country pastures of different topography, soil physical condition, season and grazing management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with Animal By-products Meal Supplementation in Diets on the Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Mangrove Red Snapper

A feeding trial was conducted for 75 d to evaluate the nutritive value of a mixture of animal by-products(MAB) as a possible protein source in diets for juvenile mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimaculatus(mean initial body weight,30 g). Fish were fed one of five isonitrogenous diets(40% crude protein) replacing 0,25%(MAB25),50%(MAB50),75%(MAB75) and 100%(MAB100) of fish meal protein with similar percentages of MAB. The MAB consisted of 25% cow liver meal,20% leather meal,20% meat and bone meal,15% blood meal,10% APC(poultry feather meal),8% poultry manure dried,1.5% choline and 0.5% chromic oxide. After 75 d of feeding,fish fed with diets MAB50,MAB75 and MAB100 exhibited significantly lower growth per-formance than that of fish fed with control and MAB25 diets. The optimum level of MAB was estimated to be 23%. Replacement of fish meal by MAB23% showed the following performance:maximum weight gain,510%;SGR,2.39% and FCE,2.83%. The MAB substitution up to 75% of fish meal protein in diets did not show differences in apparent protein digestibility(83.6% for MAB25,79.2% for MAB50,78.7% for MAB75) compared with control(83.4%),whereas in MAB100 group digestibility(65.3%) was sig-nificantly lower than in other groups. The apparent phosphorus absorption of test diet groups was significantly higher(37.1% for MAB25,28.5% for MAB50,55.6% for MAB75 and 54.5% for MAB100) than that of control(11.2%). The levels of protein and ash in the whole body,carcass and viscera increased as MAB substitution in diets increased,whereas lipids and moisture remained con-sistent among all treatment groups. These results showed that approximately 23% of fish meal protein could be replaced by a mixture of animal by-products for juvenile snapper growing from 30 g to 167 g in 75 d without compromising growth performance and feed efficiency.     

河南西峡含化石碎屑龟山组层位层序及时代探讨

信阳群龟山组横贯北秦岭南缘及桐柏山—大别山，西延入陕西，为地质结构上的关键层位，部分地段为重要赋矿层位，因其为一套罕见化石的碎屑岩，故对其地质时代看法颇异。近年我队在西峡八庙矿区工作时，在岩石薄片中见有多门类化石碎屑，并作了报道。作者在报道的基础上，吸收前人和近年某些有关信阳群和刘岭组（群）的工作成果，就龟山组的层位、层序及时代进行探讨，并与邻区、邻省的相关层位进行对比：认为含动物化石碎屑的龟山组（周进沟组）与陕西省的牛耳川组及桐柏山—大别山北坡的大部分龟山组及二郎坪群和部分苏家河群的时代大体相当，其时代归属暂置早奥陶世—早泥盆世     

C/S模式视频监控系统的设计与实现

随着网络技术的发展，计算机网络已越来越成为当今流行的计算环境。计算机的使用方法和体系结构也从早期的单一体系结构，发展成为现在比较流行的C／S体系结构。另一方面，随着社会经济的发展，智能交通系统也已经得到了广泛的应用。介绍了一个高速公路的视频监控系统，详细描述了自动报警功能的设计和实现。     

The construction of human–animal relations: National Jumps Day 2013 at Te Rapa,Hamilton, New Zealand

New Zealand is an important place for thoroughbred breeding and racing. Most races are on the flat, but jumps racing is conducted in the cooler months. The 2013 National Jumps Day at Te Rapa, Hamilton, was a significant space for the construction of human–animal relations. Drawing on three bodies of accounts, we ask whether social media contributes to the realignment of perspectives or reinforces existing human–animal relations. We explore competing narratives and demonstrate how animals, people, activities and places are constructed, including making animal deaths unrecognisable to perpetuate activities that are questioned by contemporary animal geographies.     

No Development,No Conservation: Elements from the Conservation of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

Using concrete examples of conservation of farm animal genetic resources, we show that conservation and development should not be considered as two opposing processes. On the contrary, their synergies can facilitate conservation dynamics. We discuss conservation and development dynamics, and provide examples of synergies between the two dynamics to underline how development dynamics can help conservation programs.     

国外观鲸旅游的研究进展与启示

观鲸旅游业在国外发展迅速,已成为尊重海洋动物权益、满足海洋旅游者“原真体验”需求的重要手段。本文对国外观鲸旅游的研究范畴和关注重点进行研究,力图为我国观鲸旅游业的健康发展提供经验借鉴和理论指导。目前国际观鲸旅游业的观赏对象以鲸目动物和鲸鲨为主,侧重于对观鲸旅游活动开展对海洋生物习性、行为模式的影响研究,在经营管理方面的研究侧重依观鲸旅游业开展的成熟与否而有所差别。     

Incorporating behavior into animal movement modeling: a constrained agent-based model for estimating visit probabilities in space-time prisms

ABSTRACT

Animal movement is a dynamic spatio-temporal process. While trajectory data reflect the instantaneous animal position in space and time, other factors influence movement decisions between these observed positions. While some methods incorporate environmental (habitat) context into their understanding of the animal movement process, it is often captured in terms of simple parameters or weights influencing model results; primary behavioral data are not used directly to inform these models. Here, a new space-time constrained agent-based model is introduced, capable of producing ordered, behaviorally informed animal potential paths between observed space-time anchors. Potential paths generated by this approach incorporate both observed animal behavior and classical space-time constraints, and are used to construct associated visit probability distributions. Additionally, the notion of a behavioral space-time path is introduced, a variant of the space-time path based on the results of behaviorally aware animal movement simulation. The results of this approach demonstrate a means to better understand the varied movement opportunities within space-time prisms from an animal behavior perspective. From a spatial ecology perspective, not only is the environmental context considered, but the animal’s choice of transition and movement magnitude between contexts is modeled. This approach provides insight into the complex sequence of behaviorally informed actions driving animal movement decision-making.     

磁敏感加权成像对羊脑静脉血管的实验研究

目的:探讨超高场强磁共振SWI对脑静脉血管的检出率和诊断价值。方法:选取5只健康绵羊,然后对羊脑部静脉血管进行3.0T超高场强磁共振成像,对磁共振成像所得T1WI、T2WI及SWI图像进行对比分析。结果:分析所得T1WI、T2WI及SWI图像,将额部脑浅静脉在MRI图像上的表现分为4级(Ⅰ-未显示,Ⅱ-显示模糊,Ⅲ-显示较清楚,Ⅳ-显示清楚),在20支脑静脉血管中,SWI显示Ⅲ级共2支血管,Ⅳ级共18支血管,无I级和Ⅱ级血管显示。结论:超高场强磁共振SWI序列对检测脑静脉血管具有重要价值。     

Traditional intramontane mobility in Garhwal Himalaya: A survey of subsistence practices in the Pindar basin, Uttaranchal

This paper looks at the key resource interactions driving the current trend in intramontane mobility as a traditional subsistence practice in the Garhwal Himalaya region of Uttaranchal, India. For hundreds of years, the natural resource based mid-altitude villages in the Pindar River basin hinged on the annual summer migration to highland pastures. Where self-sufficiency has been obtained through an environmentally embedded tradition of crop and livestock farming, highland forests and alpine pastures continue to provide the human and animal requirements of fuelwood and fodder, as well as the forest products defining traditional diets and cottage industry. The paper reports the data from a rapid appraisal survey of resources obtained by households in selected mid-altitude villages from the seven highland locations that have sustained the centuries-old subsistence culture of the Pindar basin. While livestock have been the crucial link in a forest/fodder–manure–cultivation chain that has necessitated households' dependence on highland pastures and forests, over the last four decades there has been a decline in the numbers engaged in livestock raising and, concomitantly, the annual migration to summer pastures. Instead, there is a trend towards increased cultivation of cash crops and forest resource collection in the traditional highland encampment areas.