酸性－中酸性火山－侵入杂岩中岩石包体研究的新进展

概括了近几年来酸性－中酸性火山－侵入杂岩中岩石包体研究的新进展，介绍了岩石包体的成因分类，综述了利用岩石包体研究岩浆作用机制及其动力学、研究有关矿床成矿物质来源和成矿机制，以及研究中下地壳物质组成和力学状态等方面的内容。     

酸性－中酸性火山－侵入杂岩中岩石包体研究的新进展

概括了近几年来酸性－中酸性火山－侵入杂岩中岩石包体研究的新进展，介绍了岩石包体的成因分类，综述了利用岩石包体研究岩浆作用机制及其动力学、研究有关矿床成矿物质来源和成矿机制，以及研究中下地壳物质组成和力学状态等方面的内容。     

滇西剑川-大理地区新生代钾玄岩系中深源包体的地质意义

红河-哀牢山大型左旋走滑剪切带剑川-大理段北东侧边缘的早第三纪小型拉张盆地中分布着中性-中酸性的钾玄质浅成侵入岩群（26.3-36.7Ma)，其中有些岩体含有高级或中高级变质的镁铁质包体。依包体的形成温成条件和矿物组合特征可分成三种类型：Ⅰ类包体为石榴透辉石岩，形成于下地壳或壳-幔过渡带部位，变质温度条件为p=10.47-11.51kbar,T=828-901℃；Ⅱ类包体为含石榴透辉角闪岩，形成于中、下地壳部位，变质温压条件为p=6-10kbar,T=760-830℃；Ⅲ类包体为变质辉长岩，形成部位浅于上述两种类型，变质温压条件更低。Ⅰ、Ⅱ类包体经历了由构造抬升机制导致的减压退变质作用，伴随着富硅、钠流体相对岩石的交代作用，抬升后的平衡温度为T=761-778℃。深源包体与寄主岩相似，具有受俯冲带物质影响的EMⅡ源区特征。印度板块和扬子克拉通之间的持续俯冲、挤压以及走滑、剪切作用控制着本地区下部大陆地幔性质、壳-幔相互作用以及钾玄质岩浆的形成和演化。     

Destruction of the Northern Margin of the North China Craton in Mid-Late Triassic: Evidence from Asthenosphere-derived Mafic Enclaves in the Jiefangyingzi Granitic Pluton from the Chifeng Area, Southern Inner Mongolia

The petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of the mafic enclaves in the Mid-Late Triassic Jiefangyingzi pluton from Chifeng area, southern Inner Mongolia, in China are studied to reveal their petrogenetic relationship with the host pluton. Furthermore, the coeval magmatic assemblage and its petrogenesis on the northern margin of the North China craton(NCC) are studied synthetically to elucidate their tectonic setting and the implications for the destruction of the NCC. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the mafic enclaves formed at 230.4 ± 2.2 Ma, which is similar to the age of the host pluton. The most basic mafic enclaves belong to weak alkaline rocks, and they display rare earth element(REE) and trace element normalized patterns and trace element compositions similar to those of ocean island basalt(OIB). In addition, they have positive εNd(t) values(+3.84 to +4.94) similar to those of the Cenozoic basalts on the northern margin of the NCC. All of these geochemical characteristics suggest that the basic mafic rocks originated from the asthenosphere. Petrological and geochemical studies suggest that the Jiefangyingzi pluton and the intermediate mafic enclaves were formed by the mixing of the asthenosphere-derived and crust-derived magmas in different degrees. The Mid-Late Triassic magmatic rocks on the northern margin of the NCC could be classified into three assemblages according to their geochemical compositions: alkaline series, weak alkaline–sub-alkaline series and sub-alkaline series rocks. Petrogenetic analyses suggest that the upwelling of the asthenosphere played an important role in the formation of these Mid-Late Triassic magmatic rocks. Basing on an analysis of regional geological data, we suggest that the northern margin of the NCC underwent destruction due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere during the Mid-Late Triassic, which was induced by the delamination of the root of the collisional orogeny between Sino-Korean and Siberian paleoplates in Late Permian.     

河北寿王坟花岗闪长岩中暗色微粒岩石包体的成因

暗色微粒岩石包体可以提供花岗岩浆的起源和演化、壳—幔物质及能量交换、岩浆混合等重要信息。河北兴隆寿王坟闪长质暗色微粒岩石包体及其寄主花岗闪长岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征显示了岩浆的混合成因,并具有以下特征:(1)在基性岩浆中丰度大于酸性岩浆中的不相容元素在与SiO2的相关图中呈一向上凸的弧形型式;(2)在基性岩浆中丰度小于酸性岩浆中的不相容元素在与SiO2的相关图中呈正相关的线性趋势;(3)相容元素在与SiO2的相关图中呈一负相关的线性趋势;(4)在w(La) w(La)/w(Sm)图上微粒包体与其寄主花岗闪长岩为一下凹的型式。基性岩浆与酸性岩浆的两端元岩浆的简单混合模型不能解释以上特征,可以用三阶段混合模型来解释,即第一阶段为基性岩浆注入酸性岩浆中,第二阶段为基性岩浆演化并分离结晶形成微粒包体,第三阶段为演化了的基性岩浆与酸性岩浆混合,形成寄主花岗闪长岩。     

Geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks from Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet

The major elements, trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks and mafic deep-derived enclaves from the Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet, indicate the high-K igneous rocks are characterized as being enriched in Ca (CaO= 1.20% - 8.80% ), alkali (Na2O K2O= 3.47% - 10.65% ), especially K (K2O up to 5.96% ) and depleted in Ti (TiO2= 0.27% - 1.50% ). Their REE contents are very high (REE= 91.29 - 231.11 μg/g). Their REE distribution patterns are of the right-inclined type, characterized by intense LREE enrichment [(La/Yb)N= 7.44 - 15.73 ]. The rocks are distinctly enriched in Rb, Sr and Ba ( 46.3 -316 μg/g, 349-1220 μg/g and 386-2394 μg/g, respectively), high in U and Th ( 1.17 - 8.10 μg/g and 2.58 - 27.0 μg/g, respectively), moderate in Zr and Hf ( 87.5 -241 μg/g and 2.83 - 7.52 μg/g, respectively), and depleted in Nb and Ta ( 4.81 - 16.8 μg/g and 0.332 - 1.04 μg/g, respectively). In the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element spidergram, U, K, Sr and Hf show positive anomalies, whereas Th, Nb, Ta, P, and Ti show negative anomalies. The rocks are strongly depleted in Cr and Ni ( 21.4 -1470 μg/g and 7.79 -562 μg/g, respectively), and their transition element distribution curves are obviously of type-W. The ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.704184 to 0.707539 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512265 to 0.512564 ; and ε Nd (t) from -6.3 to -0.4 . These geochemical features might suggest that the potential source of the high-K igneous rocks in the Liuhe-Xiangduo area is similar to the EM2, which may be similar to the material enriched K that is located under the crust-mantle mixed layer. The mafic deep-derived enclaves in the high-K igneous rocks belong to chance xenoliths. Their ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.706314 to 0.707198 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512947 to 0.513046 ; and ε Nd (t) from 7.0 to 9.0 . These geochemical features might indicate that the enclaves probably came from the depleted mantle. The P-T conditions of the enclaves also showed that the enclaves are middle-lower crust metamorphic rocks, which were accidentally captured at 20-50 km level by rapidly entrained high-K magma, whose source is over 50 km in depth.     

CHANGES IN ETHNIC SOLIDARITY IN CUBAN MIAMI*

ABSTRACT. Many people describe the Cuban community in Miami as a prime example of ethnic solidarity; others see it as internally divided. This study argues that the contradiction can be resolved when ethnic solidarity is seen as encompassing various components and when changes in cohesiveness in response to external and internal influences on the ethnic community are taken into account. These influences include the context of reception in the United States and the relationship between established Cubans and more recent immigrants. We need to refine our understanding of what constitutes ethnic solidarity, how it changes over time, and what role it plays, both within the community in general and within the ethnic‐enclave economy in particular     

The Kaliningrad, West Russia earthquakes on the 21st of September 2004—Surprise events in a very low-seismicity area

The earthquakes in Kaliningrad, West Russia on the 21st of September 2004 were unexpected in a seismically quiet area. The main shock of magnitude m_b = 5 was widely felt around the Baltic Sea. A comparison with some historic earthquakes in Northern Europe shows that its perceptibility area is smaller than that of the 1904 Oslo Graben earthquake of an estimated magnitude (M_L) 5.4 but larger than those of the 1759 Kattegat and 1819 Lurøy earthquakes. The latter are claimed to have had magnitudes (M_S) in the range of 5.7-6.0. An analysis of the Lg phase of the Kaliningrad earthquakes as recorded at a number of European stations accords only weakly with the macroseismic intensity pattern that shows fast attenuation towards west-northwest and southeast. The strike-slip focal mechanism of the main shock is discussed in the context of remnant glacial rebound stresses in generating present-day seismicity in N. Europe.     

长英质岩石中暗色微粒包体的形成机理

通过对熔体网络结构中基性组分和酸性组分的分布特征和各自联结程度的定量描述，确定了岩浆液态分离作用发生的临界状态。长英质岩石中广泛分布的暗色微粒包体是岩浆演化过程中液态不混溶作用发生的结果，是岩浆体系自身演化到某一特阶段的产物。     

中国东部花岗岩荷载微粒闪长质包体成因

荷载微粒闪长质包体是全球范围内Ⅰ型花岗岩的普遍特征，本文对中国东部不同构造域内印支期以来的典型岩体及其荷载微粒闪长质包体进行了对比研究，提出两种岩浆并存的地质、岩石学标志。根据岩石∈Ｎｄ＿０和Ｔ＿（ＤＭ），模式年龄的大小将花岗岩及其荷载闪长质包体划分为三种组合类型：①花岗岩Ｔ＿（ＤＭ）明显大于或∈Ｎｄ＿０明显小于荷栽微粒闪长质包体；②花岗岩Ｔ＿（ＤＭ）明显小于或∈Ｎｄ＿０明显大于微粒闪长质包体；③二者相近。指出三种组合类型分别受①古老地壳区（早元古－太古宙），②较新造山带（古生代以来），③较老地壳区（中、晚元古代）所制约。提出花岗岩及其荷载微粒闪长质包体是分别来自深部地壳不同成分层部分熔融的成因观点。