基于微卫星的泥蚶5个地理群体遗传多样性分析

为了研究泥蚶不同地理群体的系统发育关系和遗传多样性,运用微卫星DNA标记,对浙江温州(ZJ)、山东日照(SD)、韩国釜山(KR)、广西企沙(GX)、海南海口(HN)等5个泥蚶地理群体进行了17个基因位点的遗传多样性分析。结果显示,从17对引物中共检测出115个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数(Na)2~12个。有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.192~7.849,平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.430~0.516,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.573~0.656,5个群体的平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.525~0.608。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验表明,51.2%的微卫星位点偏离平衡状态(P0.05)。5个群体间的种群遗传分化系数(FST)为0.012~0.062,呈现出较低的遗传分化。UPMGA聚类分析表明,浙江群体和韩国群体首先聚在一起,亲缘关系最近,然后与海南群体聚合;广西群体和山东群体亲缘关系较近,聚为一支,然后与上面三个群体聚合。     

不同地理种群大黄鱼染色体核型的比较研究

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)),隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes),石首鱼科(Scieani-dae),黄鱼属(Pseudosciaena),是我国重要的海水养殖种类.近年来,经过长期的人工繁育和人工养殖,大黄鱼的性状有了较大的变化.主要表现为个体小型化,性成熟提前,抗病力下降等.目前有关大黄鱼遗传背景的研究还十分缺乏,相关的研究仅见于国内学者对养殖、野生大黄鱼的染色体核型、同工酶酶谱、不同群体遗传多样性水平的研究[1~7],这些研究多是针对我国沿海3个大黄鱼地理种群之一的闽粤东族进行的.     

Reassessing the invasion of South African waters by the European shore-crab Carcinus maenas

The European shore-crab Carcinus maenas has been present in South Africa since 1983. Despite this species’ international reputation as a biological invader, its distribution in this region has only been considered by three outdated ‘snapshot surveys.’ The present study is the most comprehensive to date, providing an update on the species’ range and the first temporal assessment of its abundance and demographics. Along South Africa's Cape Peninsula and surrounding areas, C. maenas was absent from 12 intertidal sites surveyed, except for Sea Point, and no crabs were found during subtidal surveys along the open coastline. Subtidal harbour populations were recorded in the Cape Town harbours of Table Bay and Hout Bay (previously estimated as comprising approximately 164 200 and 6 500 individuals, respectively). Table Bay was surveyed monthly for one year, using baited traps, crab condos and postlarvae settlement collectors, to assess size distributions and reproductive seasonality of the crab. Reproductive females were recorded throughout most of the year. These results suggest that the harbour populations could be targeted by control programmes, but provide no strong evidence to support the initiation of management action during a particular season. The lack of detection of postlarval settlement, even among well-established populations, suggests this will not be a useful monitoring tool for detecting incursions.     

Genetic variability analysis in five populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus from China,Russia, South Korea and Japan as revealed by microsatellite markers

The genetic structure of populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus was investigated using 10 microsatellite markers. In all, 152 individuals from five natural populations were collected from Aomori, Japan (JA and JR), Yosu, South Korea (KY), Dalian, China (CD) and Vladivostock, Russia (RV). A total of 145 alleles were found at 10 loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 9 at PSC03 to 20 at SCZ06, with an average of 14.5. Average H_o and H_e ranged from 0.260 (JR) to 0.434 (JA) and from 0.654 (RV) to 0.778 (KY), respectively. No significant differences at A, H_o and H_e were found, indicating similar genetic diversity in the five populations. A single allele was found at the PSC05 locus in the RV population. Of the 50 loci, 42 significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, all showing heterozygote deficiency. The genetic distances were all relatively great, ranging from 0.497 (between JA and KY) to 1.029 (between KY and JR). This suggests the five populations are genetically distinct. Cluster analysis indicated that JA, KY and CD form one branch and RV and JR another in the UPGMA tree. A hypothesis is proposed for the evolution of the Japanese red sea cucumbers and the genetic relationship among the populations.     

长江、黄河、辽河水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)野生和养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析*

我国中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)养殖主要集中在长江、黄河和辽河流域, 经过多年的人工养殖、跨流域引种和增殖放流等活动可能会对其遗传特性造成一定的影响,因此本研究利用29个微卫星标记对3个水系的野生和养殖群体进行了遗传特征分析。结果表明：(1) 29个SSR标记共检测到943个等位基因,各位点等位基因数在11-52之间, 平均为32.52个; 各位点的平均观测和期望杂合度分别为0.723和0.876,仅5个位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡中;各位点平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.864,其中28个为高多态性位点(PIC>0.5)。(2) 6个群体均表现出较高的遗传杂合度水平(H_O=0.702-0.744);香农信息指数(I,介于2.566-2.661)显示6群体的遗传多样性水平依次为：长江野生>长江养殖>黄河野生>辽河养殖>黄河养殖>辽河野生。(3)方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,来源于种群内个体间和个体内部的变异分别为14.02%和85.88%,群体遗传分化指数F_ST仅为0.0008-0.0050,群体间的遗传分化处于较低水平(F_ST<0.05);基于Nei’s遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果显示,长江野生群体单独聚为一支, 其余5群体共同聚为大一支, 其中长江养殖群体、黄河野生群体与黄河养殖群体聚为一小支,辽河野生群体和养殖群体聚为另一小支。(4) 瓶颈效应分析显示,所有群体近期均经历过有效种群的降低。群体遗传结构分析显示显示,6种群内个体的遗传组成混杂,不能根据其遗传结构划分出最佳理论群体数。综上所述,三水系野生和养殖群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,长江和黄河野生群体的遗传多样性略高于养殖群体;三水系河蟹野生群体的遗传分化与地理距离具有一定的相关性,长江养殖群体、黄河野生及养殖群体间的遗传分化较小可能与其跨流域引种及养殖群体逃逸造成其种质混杂有关。     

中国近海条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)群体遗传多样性线粒体DNA序列分析

采用线粒体(mtDNA)DNACOI和Cytb基因片段序列分析方法,进行了中国近海条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)舟山和胶南群体遗传多样性及其遗传结构现状研究。结果表明,基于mtDNACOI分子标记揭示条石鲷舟山群体遗传多样性水平(h=0.814±0.060,π=0.009±0.005,k=5.653±2.789)显著高于胶南群体(h=0.742±0.116,π=0.003±0.002,k=1.970±1.196);MST分析、NJ系统分析和核苷酸不配对分布分析结果皆显示两群体内存在三个显著分化的单倍型类群,支系间的遗传距离为0.018—0.025;遗传分化指数结果(Fst=0.331,P=0.000)和确切P检验结果显示(P=0.000)两群体间存在显著遗传分化。基于mtDNACytb分子标记显示条石鲷群体遗传多样性总体上呈现较低水平(h=0.874±0.023,π=0.006±0.003,k=2.761±1.492),舟山群体核苷酸多样度水平显著高于胶南群体;NJ系统发育和群体遗传分化研究结果显示,条石鲷群体间未检测到显著的遗传分化。     

文蛤三个野生种群的生化遗传变异

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直平板电泳检测和比较了广东电白、南三和广西北海三个文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)野生群体9种同工酶24个基因座位的生化遗传变异。结果表明,三个群体的平均杂合度观察值分别为0.291,0.251和0.290,多态位点比例(P0.95)分别为37.5%,37.5%和41.6%,位点平均有效等位基因数分别为1.476,1.419和1.479,各群体在多个位点上都存在杂合子缺失现象。比较了三个群体之间的遗传相似度(I)和遗传距离(D),其中电白与南三群体间的遗传分歧极微,它们与北海群体间的遗传分歧稍明显,三群体基因分化系数为0.035,预示三地间有着较强的基因流。     

Young nuclei in dwarf elliptical galaxies

We report the discovery of young embedded structures in three diffuse elliptical galaxies (dE) in the Virgo cluster: IC 783, IC 3468, and IC 3509. We performed 3D spectroscopic observations of these galaxies with the MPFS spectrograph at the 6-m Special Astrophysical Observatory telescope and obtained spatially resolved distributions of kinematic and stellar population parameters by fitting high-resolution PEGASE. HR synthetic single stellar populations (SSP) in pixel space. In all three galaxies, the luminosity-weighted age of the nuclei (∼4 Gyr) is considerably younger than that of the population in the outer regions of the galaxies. We discuss two possibilities for the formation of such structures—a dissipative merger event and a different ram pressure stripping efficiency during two consecutive crossings of the Virgo cluster centre. The article was translated by the authors.