Numerical modeling of toxic nonaqueous phase liquid removal from contaminated groundwater systems: mesh effect and discretization error estimation

Numerical modeling has now become an indispensable tool for investigating the fundamental mechanisms of toxic nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) removal from contaminated groundwater systems. Because the domain of a contaminated groundwater system may involve irregular shapes in geometry, it is necessary to use general quadrilateral elements, in which two neighbor sides are no longer perpendicular to each other. This can cause numerical errors on the computational simulation results due to mesh discretization effect. After the dimensionless governing equations of NAPL dissolution problems are briefly described, the propagation theory of the mesh discretization error associated with a NAPL dissolution system is first presented for a rectangular domain and then extended to a trapezoidal domain. This leads to the establishment of the finger‐amplitude growing theory that is associated with both the corner effect that takes place just at the entrance of the flow in a trapezoidal domain and the mesh discretization effect that occurs in the whole NAPL dissolution system of the trapezoidal domain. This theory can be used to make the approximate error estimation of the corresponding computational simulation results. The related theoretical analysis and numerical results have demonstrated the following: (1) both the corner effect and the mesh discretization effect can be quantitatively viewed as a kind of small perturbation, which can grow in unstable NAPL dissolution systems, so that they can have some considerable effects on the computational results of such systems; (2) the proposed finger‐amplitude growing theory associated with the corner effect at the entrance of a trapezoidal domain is useful for correctly explaining why the finger at either the top or bottom boundary grows much faster than that within the interior of the trapezoidal domain; (3) the proposed finger‐amplitude growing theory associated with the mesh discretization error in the NAPL dissolution system of a trapezoidal domain can be used for quantitatively assessing the correctness of computational simulations of NAPL dissolution front instability problems in trapezoidal domains, so that we can ensure that the computational simulation results are controlled by the physics of the NAPL dissolution system, rather than by the numerical artifacts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

WRF模式三维变分中背景误差协方差估计

利用WRF模式2008年5-10月逐日预报结果,通过NMC方法进行背景误差协方差(B)估计.给出其结构特征,进行单点数值试验,并利用不同B进行1个月的数值模拟试验,检验模拟降水效果.结果表明:通过单点数值试验验证估算的B结构合理.不同的B,资料同化过程差别较大,应用重新统计的B,同化效率更高,目标函数收敛更稳定.模式模...     

EDM高程导线测量中的效率和精度问题探讨

随着全站仪测角测距精度的提高,在高程联测中,用EDM高程导线测量代替三四等水准测量,成为外业高程测量的重要方法之一。分析了影响EDM高程导线测量精度的因素,讨论了提高EDM高程导线测量精度的办法,提出了效率函数的概念,并以某测区三级GPS大地控制网高程联测数据为例,从精度和效率方面进行了计算对比分析。     

SBAS星历改正数及UDRE参数生成算法分析

星基增强系统(satellite based augmentation system,SBAS)通过地球同步轨道卫星实时播发导航卫星星历改正数和完好性参数,以提升用户定位精度和完好性.采用最小方差法解算GPS星历改正数,利用卡方统计进行改正数完好性检核,并依据星历改正数方差-协方差信息计算SBAS用户差分距离误差(us...     

野外地质测量中手持GPS定位的误差分析

GPS在工程测量、导航定位等应用中所具有的优越性和方便性使其应用越来越广泛。在野外地质测量中小巧方便的手持GPS机能够起到辅助定点和导航的重要作用,是新时期实现现代化数字地质调查的基础设备之一。但由于野外地形、树木等多路径环境因素的影响,其测量精度和应用受到限制。针对手持机的特点,通过实际测点分类统计分析各方面因素对误差产生的影响程度,进而得出修正方案,提高测量精度和实用性。     

精细化气象要素温度指导预报在山西区域的误差及特征

利用2009-2010年山西区域108站共730天精细化气象要素温度指导预报资料,对比日最高气温和日最低气温的预报误差,采用常规统计、EOF分析等方法研究指导预报误差的时间和空间分布特征,结果表明:山西区域的温度预报准确率比较稳定,但有明显的季节特点,夏季最高,秋季次之、冬春季相对偏低,日最高气温年平均正、负误差略高于日最低气温误差,春季大,冬秋次之,夏季小;正负误差值的空间分布与山西地形有一定的联系,日最高气温和日最低气温误差的分布特点具有明显的全区一致性.     

利用GEOSAT／ERM卫星测高数据计算中国近海海平面

本文利用一年（１９８６年１１月８日～１９８７年１１月１７日）２２个ＥＲＭ周期的ＧＥＯＳＡＴ卫星测高数据计算出中国近海海域（１０５°～１３５°Ｅ，０°～４０°Ｎ）相对于ＧＲＳ８０参考椭球面的１°×１°年平均海平面。该海平面我们称之为ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面。在数据处理过程中，由于采用了混合轨道误差模型及交叠平差技术，极大地消除了在误差中占主要成分的径向轨道误差影响，使得ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面的总体精度达到±２０～３０ｃｍ（ＲＭＳ）水平。与ＯＳＵ９１Ａ重力大地水准面模型相比较可以发现两者具有惊人的一致性。     

长距离GPS/BDS参考站网多频载波相位整周模糊度解算方法

长距离网络RTK是实现GPS/BDS高精度实时定位的主要手段之一,其核心是长距离参考站网GPS/BDS整周模糊度的快速准确确定。本文提出了一种长距离GPS/BDS参考站网载波相位整周模糊度解算方法,首先利用GPS双频观测数据计算和确定宽巷整周模糊度,同时利用BDS的B2、B3频率观测值确定超宽巷整周模糊度。然后建立GPS载波相位整周模糊度和大气延迟误差的参数估计模型,附加双差宽巷整周模糊度的约束,解算双差载波相位整周模糊度,并建立参考站网大气延迟误差的空间相关模型。根据B2、B3频率的超宽巷整周模糊度建立包含大气误差参数的载波相位整周模糊度解算模型,利用大气延迟误差空间相关模型约束BDS双差载波相位整周模糊度的解算。克服了传统的使用无电离层组合值解算整周模糊度的不利影响。采用实测长距离CORS网GPS、BDS多频观测数据进行算法验证,试验结果证明该方法可实现长距离参考站网GPS/BDS载波相位整周模糊度的准确固定。     

1999—2003年西北太平洋热带气旋综合预报的误差分析

应用1999—2003年中国中央气象台 (CMO)、日本气象厅 (JMA) 以及美国联合台风警报中心 (JTWC) 发布的西北太平洋热带气旋综合预报资料, 从总误差、逐年误差趋势、不同海区误差、不同路径趋势误差、不同强度趋势误差等5个方面对各预报中心的路径及强度预报结果进行分析, 结果表明:5年总的平均误差以JTWC的路径预报误差最小, 而JMA的强度预报较准确; 在不同海域, 各预报中心的路径预报能力各有优势, 但在热带气旋的强度预报方面, JMA的方法在各海区都较稳定; 对不同路径趋势热带气旋的预报方面, 除了南海转向热带气旋的路径预报比JMA和CMO稍差一些之外, JTWC的路径预报在大多数情况下都是好于或相当于JMA和CMO; 在不同强度变化趋势热带气旋的预报方面, JTWC在大多数情况下都优于其他中心。上述结果帮助业务和科技人员全面了解各预报中心的预报能力优劣, 也为今后改进我国的热带气旋预报提供有益的参考。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of the Waterline Method of Constructing a Digital Elevation Model for Intertidal Areas in ERS SAR scene of Eastern England

A sensitivity analysis of the waterline method of constructing a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of an intertidal zone using remote sensing and hydrodynamic modelling is described. Variation in vertical height accuracy as a function of beach slope is investigated using a set of nine ERS Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the Humber/Wash area on the English east coast acquired between 1992 and 1994. Waterlines from these images are heighted using a hydrodynamic tide-surge model and interpolated using block kriging. On 1:500 slope beaches, an average block height estimation standard deviation of 18–22 cm is achieved. This rises to 27 cm on 1:100 slope beaches, and 32 cm on 1:30 slope beaches. The average heighting error at different slopes is decomposed into components due to waterline heighting error, inadequate sensor resolution and interpolation inaccuracy. It is shown that, at 1:500 slope, waterline heighting error and interpolation inaccuracy are the main error sources, whilst at 1:30 slope, errors due to inadequate sensor resolution become dominant. The ability of the technique to generate intertidal DEMs for almost the entire coastal zone in a complete ERS SAR scene covering 100×100 km is demonstrated.