复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯（EPS）颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

Thermal calculation for high-pressure contact metamorphism: application to eclogite formation in the Sebadani area, the Sambagawa belt, SW Japan

Eclogite, a high-pressure–temperature metamorphic rock characterized by garnet + omphacite, is usually considered to be a product of regional metamorphism under a low geothermal gradient. However, in the Sebadani area of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt most petrologists agree that the eclogite formed by localized contact metamorphism due to intrusion of a body in the solid-state (the Sebadani mass). This process is termed ‘high-pressure contact metamorphism'. However, geological considerations suggest that the effect of such a process would be limited, firstly because the speed of emplacement for solid-state material will generally be much lower than that for magma and secondly because in the solid-state there is no heat of fusion in the body available for thermal effects. Thermal modelling of a solid-state intrusion, based on the heat conduction equation, allows the relationship between size of intrusion, velocity of emplacement and thermal effects to be calculated. Two cases have been considered: (1) a hot model, where none of the heat conducted into the surroundings is lost during the rise of the body; and (2) a cold model where all the heat conducted into the surroundings is lost. These models bracket possible thermal histories of the body. Calculations suggest that in the Sebadani region, production of the observed metamorphic features requires unrealistically high velocity and a much larger intruded body than is observed. These conclusions suggest that it is unlikely that eclogite in the Sebadani area was formed by high-pressure contact metamorphism, but rather that it represents the highest-grade part of the regional Sambagawa metamorphism.     

Modeling the Permeability Loss of Metallic Iron Water Filtration Systems

Over the past 30 years the literature has burgeoned with in situ approaches for groundwater remediation. Of the methods currently available, the use of metallic iron (Fe⁰) in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) systems is one of the most commonly applied. Despite such interest, an increasing amount of experimental and field observations have reported inconsistent Fe⁰ barrier operation compared to contemporary theory. In the current work, a critical review of the physical chemistry of aqueous Fe⁰ corrosion in porous media is presented. Subsequent implications for the design of Fe⁰ filtration systems are modeled. The results suggest that: (i) for the pH range of natural waters (>4.5), the high volumetric expansion of Fe⁰ during oxidation and precipitation dictates that Fe⁰ should be mixed with a non‐expansive material; (ii) naturally occurring solute precipitates have a negligible impact on permeability loss compared to Fe⁰ expansive corrosion; and (iii) the proliferation of H₂ metabolizing bacteria may contribute to alleviate permeability loss. As a consequence, it is suggested that more emphasis must be placed on future work with regard to considering the Fe⁰ PRB system as a physical (size‐exclusion) water filter device.     

Effects of initial soil water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity variability on small watershed runoff simulation using LISEM

Abstract

Soil water content (θ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) vary in space. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of initial soil water content (θ_i) and K_s variability on runoff simulations using the LImburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) in a small watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau, based on model parameters derived from intensive measurements. The results showed that the total discharge (TD) and peak discharge (PD) were underestimated when the variability of θ_i and K_s was partially considered or completely ignored compared with those when the variability was fully considered. Time to peak (TP) was less affected by the spatial variability compared to TD and PD. Except for TP in some cases, significant differences were found in all hydrological variables (TD, PD and TP) between the cases in which spatial variability of θ_i or K_s was fully considered and those in which spatial variability was partially considered or completely ignored. Furthermore, runoff simulations were affected more strongly by K_s variability than by θ_i variability. The degree of spatial variability influences on runoff simulations was related to the rainfall pattern and θ_i. Greater rainfall depth and instantaneous rainfall intensity corresponded to a smaller influence of the spatial variability. Stronger effects of the θ_i variability on runoff simulation were found in wetter soils, while stronger effects of the K_s variability were found in drier soils. For accurate runoff simulation, the θ_i variability can be completely ignored in cases of a 1-h duration storm with a return period greater than 10 years, while K_s variability should be fully considered even in the case of a 1-h duration storm with a return period of 20 years.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Fiori     

Using neural networks for calibration of time-domain reflectometry measurements

Abstract

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an electromagnetic technique for measurements of water and solute transport in soils. The relationship between the TDR-measured dielectric constant (K_a ) and bulk soil electrical conductivity ([sgrave]_a) to water content (θ_W) and solute concentration is difficult to describe physically due to the complex dielectric response of wet soil. This has led to the development of mostly empirical calibration models. In the present study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are utilized for calculations of θ_w and soil solution electrical conductivity ([sgrave]_w) from TDR-measured K_a and [sgrave]_a in sand. The ANN model performance is compared to other existing models. The results show that the ANN performs consistently better than all other models, suggesting the suitability of ANNs for accurate TDR calibrations.     

张家口万全断裂特征研究

万全断裂是河北省张家口市万全县西边的一条第四纪控盆断裂,构造上位于山西断陷带与燕山断隆交汇部位,地貌上为低山丘陵与山前冲洪积平原分界,地质上为中生代地层与新生代地层分界。断裂走向NE,倾向SE,分为南、北2段。其东北端与张家口断裂相交,西南端与洗马林断裂相汇,共同控制着万全盆地的发展演化。本文从断裂附近地形地貌宏观显示、隐伏段地球物理探测及地质地貌调查等多方面,对该断裂的特征进行分析,最终给出万全断裂的构造特征及具体空间展布形态,填补了该条断裂的研究空白,为开展大城市活断层探测与研究,进行合理的城市规划和抗震设防提供依据。     

含碳结构对龙门山断层带电导率影响的实验探索

碳是影响岩石电导率大小的一个重要因素,可能是造成龙门山断层带电导率异常的重要原因之一.为了研究不同的碳含量、矿物颗粒粒径与碳晶体结构对断层带电导率的影响,在干燥、常温、0.2~300 MPa的压力条件下实验研究了人工模拟断层泥样品（石英粉末与含碳粉末混合的样品,简称模拟样品）和采自映秀-北川断层八角庙剖面的天然断层岩样品（简称天然样品）的电导率.实验结果显示,当模拟样品中的含碳粉末连通时,电导率与碳体积率的关系符合逾渗理论模型;而含碳粉末未连通时,电导率随总孔隙度降低而指数性升高.同时模拟样品的电导率也随石英颗粒粒径的变化而发生改变.相比于模拟样品中的含碳粉末主要分布于石英颗粒支撑的孔隙中,天然样品中的碳则主要以碳膜的形式赋存在颗粒边缘,导致碳体积率相同的条件下,模拟样品的电导率小于天然样品.此外,天然样品的电导率（ < 9×10^-4 S·m^-1）也要小于野外大地电磁探测的结果（0.03~0.1 S·m^-1）.在今后的实验中还需要考虑在动态摩擦条件下对含有完整含碳结构的天然样品进行电导率的实验研究.

     

双参数混合正则化方法及在电导率反演成像中的应用

通过引入带有二阶正则算子的正则化项,建立了一种双参数混合正则化方法.为确定最佳正则化参数,这里主要应用L-曲线法、偏差原理和广义交叉校验准则的优化组合来确定.首先对理论模型进行了数值模拟,通过与截断奇异值分解法、共轭梯度法及标准Tikhonov正则化法的结果比较,表明该方法不仅精度高,而且对于数据的随机扰动具有稳定性.然后将此方法应用于对电导率反演成像的计算中,得到的电导率反演成像精确细致可靠,也符合实际情况.这表明该方法求解地球物理反问题时,在增强反演的稳定性及减少多解性的同时,还能进一步提高反演计算速度.     

Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and its impact on assessments of heat flux

The variability of sedimentary thermal conductivities with increasing temperature are explored for their impact on estimates of present-day heat flux and subsurface temperature gradient. For sand thicknesses less than about 10–20 km, or shale thicknesses less than about 40–80 km, the subsurface temperature is closely linearly proportional to the thermal resistance integral obtained in the absence of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. Estimates of heat flux should be increased (decreased) by about 5% for sands and decreased by about 1% for shales. For salt, because of the much shorter temperature range over which its thermal conductivity decreases, effects produced by the temperature dependence are more noticeable: heat flux should be increased by around 13%, salt thicknesses in excess of 5 km will yield major (around 30–100°C) changes in their temperature regimes solely as a consequence of the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and the linear increase of temperature with increasing thermal resistance is not an adequate approximation but has to be replaced with a more exact exponential increase.The impact of the variations, particularly in the case of salt, for geologic processes is briefly considered.     

New instrument for measuring water discharge by the salt dilution method

The instantaneous salt dilution method for water discharge measurements in open channels has been improved by the development of a new instrument measuring conductivity. The salt method consists of two parts: the calibration and the actual measurement in the stream. The calibration aims to calculate the linear relationship between electrical conductivity and salt concentration at various degrees of dilution in a salt solution. The original undiluted solution is injected into the water of a stream and the conductivity is measured downstream from the injection site. When measuring, the new instrument integrates the conductivity over time. From the value obtained on the instrument's display, the water discharge can easily be calculated on a hand-PC in the field. The instrument has eliminated the subsequent calculation work formerly necessary. It has increased the accuracy of the method and also reduced the need for field personnel during measurements.