Crust-Mantle Electrical Structure in the Area along the Yadong-Burn Co Profile

1.IntroductionUntilnowTibetisstillthearchetypalregionwithcontinentalcollisiongoingoninit,henceitisanidealnaturallaboratoryforstudyingthegeologicevolutionofintracontinentalorogenicbeltandthecrust-mantledeepprocesses,aswellastheinteractionbetweenthemandthesupracrustalmovements.Forthisreason,forseveraldecadesgeologistsandgeophysicistsfromvariouscountrieshavemadeunremittingeffortsinthisregiontoprobeintotheoriginandprocessoftheplateauformation,withavarietyofcognitionsproposed.TheCMPresultsoftheSi…     

Seismic lamination and anisotropy of the Lower Continental Crust

Seismic lamination in the lower crust associated with marked anisotropy has been observed at various locations. Three of these locations were investigated by specially designed experiments in the near vertical and in the wide-angle range, that is the Urach and the Black Forrest area, both belonging to the Moldanubian, a collapsed Variscan terrane in southern Germany, and in the Donbas Basin, a rift inside the East European (Ukrainian) craton. In these three cases, a firm relationship between lower crust seismic lamination and anisotropy is found. There are more cases of lower-crustal lamination and anisotropy, e.g. from the Basin and Range province (western US) and from central Tibet, not revealed by seismic wide-angle measurements, but by teleseismic receiver function studies with a P–S conversion at the Moho. Other cases of lamination and anisotropy are from exhumed lower crustal rocks in Calabria (southern Italy), and Val Sesia and Val Strona (Ivrea area, Northern Italy). We demonstrate that rocks in the lower continental crust, apart from differing in composition, differ from the upper mantle both in terms of seismic lamination (observed in the near-vertical range) and in the type of anisotropy. Compared to upper mantle rocks exhibiting mainly orthorhombic symmetry, the symmetry of the rocks constituting the lower crust is either axial or orthorhombic and basically a result of preferred crystallographic orientation of major minerals (biotite, muscovite, hornblende). We argue that the generation of seismic lamination and anisotropy in the lower crust is a consequence of the same tectonic process, that is, ductile deformation in a warm and low-viscosity lower crust. This process takes place preferably in areas of extension. Heterogeneous rock units are formed that are generally felsic in composition, but that contain intercalations of mafic intrusions. The latter have acted as heat sources and provide the necessary seismic impedance contrasts. The observed seismic anisotropy is attributed to lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of major minerals, in particular of mica and hornblende, but also of olivine. A transversely isotropic symmetry system, such as expected for sub-horizontal layering, is found in only half of the field studies. Azimuthal anisotropy is encountered in the rest of the cases. This indicates differences in the horizontal components of tectonic strain, which finally give rise to differences in the evolution of the rock fabric.     

高密度电阻率法在莱芜市泉河地区岩溶地质勘查中的应用

岩溶不仅会导致基岩面起伏很大,而且会产生较多的溶蚀带、溶洞、土洞等岩溶地质特征,灰岩分布区发生的地面塌陷等地质灾害,对建筑物安全及社会经济发展造成了严重的危害,高密度电阻率法是岩溶地质调查的重要物探手段。文章根据高密度电阻率法的基本原理及特点,对莱芜市泉河地区进行了岩溶地质勘查,通过对视电阻率二维成像图异常形态、高低阻等的反演分析,推断了该地区岩溶分布范围、大小和埋深。经钻探验证,推断结果与钻探资料吻合,为该地区岩溶塌陷地质灾害防治提供参考价值。     

中国大陆深探测的大地电磁测深研究

通过对地震波速度、密度、磁性、导电性等物理场进行观测,研究地壳与上地幔的物性与结构特征,将为研究地球内部物质状态、地壳运动过程及其动力学机制等科学命题提供科学依据,同时也将为寻找深部大型矿床提供信息。大地电磁深探测方法作为研究地球壳幔电性结构的主要地球物理方法,在国内外完成了大量探测工作,取得了许多重要的研究成果。在研究壳幔构造方面,大地电磁法和地震方法一起被视为两大支柱方法,在世界范围内解决大陆动力学问题方面已有许多成功的应用范例。但由于大地电磁探测以天然电磁场作为场源,在矿集区等强干扰地区往往很难采集到高信噪比的数据,抗干扰能力较弱。同时,大地电磁与地震数据的约束反演以及联合解释目前尚没有达到实用化,这些都限制了大地电磁数据的处理及解释精度。深部探测技术与实验研究(SinoProbe)专项下属的深部探测技术实验与集成项目将选择青藏高原、西部造山带与华南山区结晶岩等复杂地质条件和不同人文干扰水平地区,以大地电磁探测与地震探测作为主要手段,研究深部精细地球物理探测技术的集成,并且通过实验剖面研究这些实验区的壳幔结构特征。其中的大地电磁测深大剖面观测实验与壳/幔三维电性研究课题,将通过在实验区的大地电磁观测实验,研究适用于不同地质条件及干扰水平地区的大地电磁数据采集方法技术以及精细处理与反演方法,同时探讨大地电磁数据与地震数据的约束反演以及联合解释。该研究将提高深部地球物理探测精度,为深部精细地球物理探测方法技术集成以及区域地球物理精细探测提供范例。已经完成的青藏高原东北缘西秦岭造山带和福建结晶岩地区的大地电磁观测试验表明,在这些典型地质构造区域,虽然存在施工困难,干扰水平大等各种不利因素,但只要采取合适的野外观测技术,并通过数据精细处理与反演计算,是能够获得高质量的大地电磁数据以及可靠的电阻率分布模型。试验所取得的成果,将为实现深部探测技术实验与集成项目科学目标和研究任务提供重要的技术支撑与保障。     

Magnetic measurements in electrical prospecting by resistivity methods

The electrical resistivity and induced polarization (IP) methods are widely used in geological mapping, prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits, engineering geology, hydrogeology, archaeology, and geotechnical and environmental applications. Historically, these methods have formed the basis of the electrical prospecting technique. In these methods, a DC or low-frequency AC electrical current is introduced into the earth through a grounded transmitter line. The measured quantity is the electric field. However, if the earth’s resistivity or chargeability changes horizontally, this change gives rise to an anomalous magnetic field, which is studied by the magnetometric resistivity (MMR) and magnetic induced polarization (MIP) methods, respectively. Along with advantages, some shortcomings are inherent in the MMR and MIP techniques. Apparently, the main drawback of these methods is that the magnetic fields of both the transmitter line wire and ground electrodes on the surface are several orders of magnitude greater than the anomalous magnetic field response. This introduces a significant “noise” to magnetic-resistivity data. We investigate the potential of using a circular electric dipole (CED) in magnetometric resistivity techniques. It has been found that the application of a CED, instead of a conventional transmitter line, dramatically enhances the signal-to-noise ratio.     

Crustal Electrical Structure and Deep Metallogenic Potential in Northern Wuyi Area (South China), based on Magnetotelluric Data

The northern Wuyi area, which is located in the northern Wuyi metallogenic belt, has superior mineralization conditions. The Pingxiang–Guangfeng–Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault (PSF) extends across the whole region regardless of whether or how the PSF relates to the near-surface mineralization. We carried out an MT survey in the region and obtained a reliable 2D model of the crustal electrical structure to a depth of 30 km. In the resistivity model, we inferred that a continuous high conductivity belt that ranges from the shallow to deep crust is a part of the PSF. Then, we estimated the fluid content and pressure gradient to identify the deep sources of fluid as well as its pattern of motion pattern. Finally, we proposed a model for the deep metallogenic migration processes that combines geological data, fluid content data, pressure gradient data, and the subsurface resistivity model. The model analysis showed that the Jiangnan orogenic belt and the Cathaysia block formed the PSF during the process of com. The deep fluid migrated upward through the PSF to the shallow crust. Therefore, we believe that the PSF is an ore-forming fluid migration channel and that it laid the material basis for large-scale mineralization in the shallow crust.     

浅谈电法在福建安溪铅山矿区的找矿效果

安溪县铅山铅锌矿区地质普查阶段开展了物探工作（激电中梯剖面、激电测深）,发现了激电异常,结合矿区成矿地质条件,推断异常是由隐伏铅锌矿（化）引起,提出了进一步工作的建议,经钻探验证得以证实。该区激电异常是一个深部找矿的有效标志,电法工作为该普查区顺利转入详查阶段起了一定作用。     

赣杭构造带中段岩石圈电性结构研究

赣杭构造带（简称赣杭带）位于扬子板块和华夏板块的结合部,是中国重要的铀多金属矿成矿带,发育一系列中酸性火山—侵入杂岩;前人对岩浆喷发和侵入的地球动力学背景仍然存在诸多争议。文章对赣杭带中段（盛源盆地）及邻区收集的大地电磁测深（MT）数据,利用MT相位张量分解技术、二维非线性共轭梯度法（NLCG）等技术手段进行处理和反演获得到了研究区可靠的岩石圈电性结构。结合已有资料分析表明：赣杭带中段浅部火山—侵入杂岩带存在东南方向下倾的高导带和深部软流圈高导区且相连,揭示了该地区中酸性岩浆活动受区域江绍深断裂控制,在晚中生代岩石圈伸展作用下沿着区域深断裂上升侵入和喷发形成火山—侵入杂岩;该岩浆活动处在伸展构造环境与同期Izanagi板块俯冲后撤有关。     

常规直流电法在黄河水库南屯地质灾害评价中的应用

黄河水库南屯进行勘查的主要目的就是通过物探方法初步查明地下溶洞存在的情况以及区内的地质概况,为该区地质灾害的评价提供必要的参考依据。通过多种物探方法实验,发现激电中梯、激电联剖及视电阻率测深效果相对较好。由于区内地下水较发育,而且已知塌陷部位都不同程度的含水,水导电性能好.。因此,在地表观测时呈现视电阻率低阻趋势。当溶洞中没有地下水存在时,视电阻率呈现高阻异常。这样就可以通过视电阻率的反映来发现地下溶洞。     

软黏土的各向异性临界状态模型

剑桥模型只适用于正常固结软黏土,不能描述不等向固结土的应力-应变行为的各向异性特性。基于剑桥模型,在其椭圆屈服面中引入各向异性张量和一个形状参数,建立了一个各向异性屈服面,提出了一个适用于等向和不等向固结软黏土的本构模型。各向异性张量的初始值由初始固结应力状态确定,其演化过程由一个与塑性剪应变和塑性体应变都有关的硬化法则描述。形状参数的引入保证了各向异性屈服面的灵活性和适应性。通过对Boston Blue黏土、高岭土和Otaniemi黏土的三轴试验结果的模拟,验证了模型的模拟能力。