西部乡村民族社区景区化的内涵及表征——以云南典型乡村民族社区为例

从旅游活动要素及其空间效应着眼,对"景区化"与"乡村民族社区景区化"的内涵进行了界定,把社区事象的景观化、经济功能的旅游化、组织管理的业缘化等视为"乡村民族社区景区化"的具体表征;认为乡村民族社区景区化的结果,必将导致乡村民族社区向旅游社区的演变,并对乡村民族旅游社区的内涵及其类型特征作了初步探讨,进而细分出名义在场型、从业参与型、景观资产型、混合平衡型4种类型。对云南曼听五寨、雨崩村、泸沽湖落水村和里格村进行实证研究的结果表明,除了曼听五寨属于名义在场型外,其余为从业参与型旅游社区。     

Assessment of the ecological quality status of soft-bottoms in Reunion Island (tropical Southwest Indian Ocean) using AZTI marine biotic indices

The ability of the two synthetic marine biotic indices, AMBI and M-AMBI, to account for changes in the ecological quality of coastal soft bottoms of Reunion Island according to disturbances was assessed from macrobenthic samples collected in five sectors between 1994 and 2004. Samples were collected under non-perturbed conditions and at two sites subjected to heavy organic enrichment. Both indices are based on a classification of macrofauna into ecological groups (EG), and their transfer to tropical waters required some adaptations. These indices proved efficient in detecting a degradation of habitat quality. Their use resulted in the classification of all sites sampled between 1996 and 1998 as "good" or "high". M-AMBI nevertheless tended to result in the attribution of a slightly worse ecological quality status than AMBI. Together with an update of the EG species list for the Indian Ocean area, our results support the extension of both indices for the assessment of tropical soft bottoms.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of the microbenthic communities of the Rio de la Plata estuary (Argentina) and possible environmental controls

The relationship between microbenthic communities, the habitat characteristics, and physical and chemical gradients was studied in the Rio de la Plata estuary. Five replicates of the surface layer were collected seasonally, in 10 sampling sites influenced by different land uses. The distribution of microbenthic communities was governed by two gradients, the first one determined by anthropic factors, related to pollution, and the second one to conductivity and turbidity. The higher densities of producers were observed in sites characterized by fine sediments. During winter, spring, and summer cyanophytes were abundant, while in autumn the diatoms, particularly birraphideans, dominated. The ciliates were the most abundant group among consumers, particularly in winter, and their spatial distribution was influenced by the turbidity. The whole study area has an eutrophic condition. Turbidity and the enrichment with nutrients and organic matter explained 50% of the variability in the species’ distribution.     

Seasonal closures as a measure of trawling effort control in two Mediterranean trawling grounds: effects on epibenthic communities

Within the framework of ecosystem-based management, we focused on the use of seasonal closures as effective measures to minimise the degradation of benthic communities by trawling. These closures imply the complete cessation of trawling fleet activity and are commonly used in the Mediterranean to reduce the annual fishing effort, with the ultimate goal of effective resource management. In this study, we aimed to investigate how epibenthic communities respond to seasonal closures. The potential benefits of short-term annual closures in two Mediterranean fishing grounds were evaluated by analysing changes in community structure and composition that were linked to the closure. A decrease of faunal abundance was observed with the resumption of fishing activity after the closure at both fishing grounds. Remarkably, results indicated that some large and mobile fauna were able to respond to these closures. We concluded that the currently planned closures are too short to benefit benthic communities.     

Measuring spatial accessibility to primary care in rural areas: Improving the effectiveness of the two-step floating catchment area method

Quantifying spatial accessibility in relation to the provision of rural health services has proven difficult. This article critically appraises the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method, a recent solution for measuring primary care service accessibility across rural areas of Victoria, Australia. The 2SFCA method is demonstrated to have two fundamental shortcomings – specifically the use of only one catchment size for all populations, and secondly the assumption that proximity is undifferentiated within a catchment (especially problematic when the catchment is large). Despite its advantages over simple population-to-provider ratios, the 2SFCA method needs to be used with caution.     

中关村高校周边居住区社会空间特征及其形成机制

目前国内城市社会空间研究偏重于宏观层次,对于微观层次社区社会空间特征的研究相对缺乏。基于质性研究(Qualitative Research)和深度访谈的调查方法,以北京大学周边若干居住区为例,探讨了中关村高校周边居住区社会空间的特征及其形成机制。研究发现:中关村高校周边居住区的社会空间经历了从"同质性"向"异质性"转变的发展阶段;社区居民的社会阶层分异显著;居民的整体流动性较强,且以水平流动为主,垂直流动相对较少;阶层内社会网络联系较强,阶层间社会网络联系较弱,存在明显的阶层分隔现象;空间结构呈现出在高校和社会双重力量作用下,各种类型居民分布既混合又有序的复杂型式。在市场经济体制下,中关村高校周边居住区外来人口与原住居民共同构建了一种具有高流动性、松散社会网络等特征的社会空间,它为理解社区流动性、社会网络特征和社会空间成熟度之间的关系带来启示。     

山地城市公交系统服务在老年人群体中分配公平性评价

公交系统作为一种面向公众全体尤其是弱势群体的公共服务设施,其公平性对于促进宜居城市与公交都市建设具有较大的现实意义.本研究考虑山地城市地形变化的影响,提出了一类测度公交站点实际服务范围的新方法来修正公交服务供给公平性评价模型,并以贵阳市为例,对贵阳市公交系统服务供给在老年群体中分配的公平性进行分析.研究结果表明:①山地...     

鄂尔多斯盐沼湿地土壤盐分特征对植物群落的影响

为研究内陆盐沼植物群落的分布对土壤盐分的响应特征,选取鄂尔多斯盐湖盐沼区作为研究区,筛选了肉质耐盐植物群落、苔草植物群落和禾草植物群落3类典型植物群落,开展了土壤含水量、pH、电导率以及Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和HCO₃^-测定,分析了区内典型植物群落对土壤水盐因子的响应规律。探讨了3类植物群落之间土壤因子含量的差异性;采用相关性分析和CCA分析,评价了3类植物群落多样性及物种分布随土壤因子的变化规律。结果表明,区内3类植物群落中,土壤盐分含量表现为肉质耐盐植物群落最高,苔草植物群落最低,禾草植物群落居中;植物多样性与土壤中含量最高的Na⁺和SO₄^2-的相关性最显著;植物分布同时受到土壤盐分、水分和pH的显著影响。研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盐湖区土壤盐...