2011日本东北大地震前震余震重力效应分析

针对2011年日本东北大地震(Tohoku-Oki地震)发生前后较短时间内的多次较大前震和余震和主震混在一起,不利于提取出主震同震信号的问题,该文利用弹性位错理论模拟计算了Tohoku-Oki地震一次较大前震和两次较大余震的同震重力变化,讨论了这3次地震单独和综合的重力效应,并与主震重力变化对比分析,认为这3次前震和余震引起的重力变化数值较大,影响范围广,会直接影响到Tohoku-Oki地震主震的同震重力信号提取,所以需要作为重要误差考虑。     

Determination of allowable subgrade frost heave with the pavement roughness index in numerical analysis

Frost heave is an upward swelling of soil during cryogenic conditions in cold regions. It is caused by the accumulation of ice crystals in subgrade soil, which grow upwards when freezing temperatures penetrate into the subgrade. This study establishes the allowable soil subgrade frost heave based on the roughness standard of asphalt pavement in China, and aims to balance the pavement design and frost heave resistance of subgrades in cold regions. We formulated a mechanical model of pavement supported by the boundary conditions of differential frost heave, based on the elastic layered system theory. The differential soil subgrade frost heave was modeled as a sinusoidal function, and the allowable frost heave and the roughness index were modeled as the displacement boundaries for the top and bottom of the pavement structure. Then the allowable frost heave was back-calculated according to the roughness standard. Numerical results show that the allowable frost heave depends on the pavement structure, material properties, the highway grade, and other factors. In order to ensure that the actual soil subgrade frost heave is lower than the allowable frost heave, pavement structures and materials need to be selected and designed carefully. The numerical method proposed here can be applied to establish the frost heave resistance of subgrade when the pavement structure and materials are determined.     

Generalized Born scattering of elastic waves in 3-D media

It is well known that when a seismic wave propagates through an elastic medium with gradients in the parameters which describe it (e.g. slowness and density), energy is scattered from the incident wave generating low-frequency partial reflections. Many approximate solutions to the wave equation, e.g. geometrical ray theory (GRT), Maslov theory and Gaussian beams, do not model these signals. The problem of describing partial reflections in 1-D media has been extensively studied in the seismic literature and considerable progress has been made using iterative techniques based on WKBJ, Airy or Langer type ansätze. In this paper we derive a first-order scattering formalism to describe partial reflections in 3-D media. The correction term describing the scattered energy is developed as a volume integral over terms dependent upon the first spatial derivatives (gradients) of the parameters describing the medium and the solution. The relationship we derive could, in principle, be used as the basis for an iterative scheme but the computational expense, particularly for elastic media, will usually prohibit this approach. The result we obtain is closely related to the usual Born approximation, but differs in that the scattering term is not derived from a perturbation to a background model, but rather from the error in an approximate Green's function. We examine analytically the relationship between the results produced by the new formalism and the usual Born approximation for a medium which has no long-wavelength heterogeneities. We show that in such a case the two methods agree approximately as expected, but that in a media with heterogeneities of all wavelengths the new gradient scattering formalism is superior. We establish analytically the connection between the formalism developed here and the iterative approach based on the WKBJ solution which has been used previously in 1-D media. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate the examples discussed.     

Reflection effect in close binaries. II. Distribution of emergent radiation from the irradiated component along the line of sight

We have calculated the effects of irradiation from a point source observed at infinity. Plane-parallel approximation and spherically-symmetric approximations are employed in calculating the self-radiation field for the sake of comparison. It is found that there are considerable changes in the radiation received at infinity between the approximation of plane-parallel stratification and spherical symmetry.     

Comparison of the dynamic response of a saturated soil between two models

The dynamic response of marine sediment to ocean surface waves is treated extremely by marine geotechnical and coastal engineers. In the area of conventional hydrodynamics, the assumption of im-permeable rigid seabed has been used as the boundary of water waves theories and the waves parameters de-duced from the theory have not referred to the interac-tion of water waves and seabed. In the area of soil mechanics, many engineers regard the response as slow loading according to the Zienkewiczs[1…