真菌孢子烷烃生物标志物特征及其热演化试验的初步研究

以一种类似地层中无孔多胞孢的现代真菌链格孢属孢子为样品，研究真菌孢子的原生烃烷烃馏分生物标志物及其热解生烃特征。实验结果表明，真菌孢子样品原生烃类的烷烃馏分，主要由正烷烃、异构烷烃和链烯烃相成。正烷烃约占抽提物总量的０．１８％、ｎＣ１９，烷占正烷烃总量的２４．１％。     

Phenolics and Proteins Affecting Palatability of Spartina Leaves to the Gastropod Littoraria irrorata

Along the southeastern coast of the United States, the saltmarsh periwinkle Littoraria irrorata is a major consumer of Spartina alterniflora . It prefers to feed on dead rather than living plants. During senescence and early decay, S. alterniflora leaves become colonized by fungi, their phenolic content declines, and their lipid content increases. In this study, the food preferences of L. irrorata were assessed by offering intact leaves or leaf powder suspended in agar. Relative palatabilities were determined by measuring the weight loss of intact leaves, or by estimating the area of feeding marks left on the surface of leaf powder suspensions. Both techniques demonstrated a clear preference for standing dead rather than yellow-green (senescent) leaves. Yellow-green leaves contained methanol-soluble feeding deterrents. A comparable deterrent effect could be achieved by adding ferulic acid, a phenolic compound common in yellow-green S. alterniflora , to leaf powder. The deterrent effects of methanol extracts or ferulic acid could be neutralized by simultaneously adding fungal mycelium or BSA. Littoraria irrorata preferred leaves colonized by fungi or bacteria over sterile leaves. When offered a choice of sterile leaves colonized by different fungi, the results were variable. In one experiment, L. irrorata clearly preferred one of three leaffungus combinations. The same preference was shown after the food items were treated with methanol/chloroform to remove lipids. In a second experiment with four other fungal strains, there was only a clear preference for one leaf-fungus combination after removal of lipids. The results suggest that the saltmarsh periwinkle prefers S. alterniflora leaves with low concentrations of phenolic deterrents, most likely ferulic acid, and with sufficient fungal biomass. The food choice may be influenced to a smaller degree by fungal components, which, depending on the species or strain, may be lipids or other compounds.     

内蒙古大青山高等真菌垂直分布规律及资源评价

内蒙大青山高等真菌垂直分布分为三个垂直带谱:1.浅山带以蘑菇属Agaricus、口蘑属Tricholoma和腹菌类Gasteromycetes为主;2.中山带以卷边桩菇Paxillus involutus、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属和乳牛肝属Suillus等常见;3.深山带以瘤柄牛肝属Leocinum和毒伞属Amanita居多。食、药用及菌根菌150余种,其中蒙古口蘑Tricholoma mangolicum为著名食、药用菌,对牛、羊的分娩有催产作用。     

Oxidative Ce3+ sequestration by fungal manganese oxides with an associated Mn(II) oxidase activity

Sequestration of Ce³⁺ by biogenic manganese oxides (BMOs) formed by a Mn(II)-oxidizing fungus, Acremonium strictum strain KR21-2, was examined at pH 6.0. In anaerobic Ce³⁺ solution, newly formed BMOs exhibited stoichiometric Ce³⁺ oxidation, where the molar ratio of Ce³⁺ sequestered (Ce_seq) relative to Mn²⁺ released (Mn_rel) was maintained at approximately two throughout the reaction. A similar Ce³⁺ sequestration trend was observed in anaerobic treatment of BMOs in which the associated Mn(II) oxidase was completely inactivated by heating at 85 °C for 1 h or by adding 50 mM NaN₃. Aerobic Ce³⁺ treatment of newly formed BMO (enzymatically active) resulted in excessive Ce³⁺ sequestration over Mn²⁺ release, yielding Ce_seq/Mn_rel > 200, whereas heated or poisoned BMOs released a significant amount of Mn²⁺ with lower Ce³⁺ sequestration efficiency. Consequently, self-regeneration by the Mn(II) oxidase in newly formed BMO effectively suppressed Mn²⁺ release and enhanced oxidative Ce³⁺ sequestration under aerobic conditions. Repeated treatments of heated or poisoned BMOs under aerobic conditions confirmed that oxidative Ce³⁺ sequestration continued even after most Mn oxide was released from the solid phase, indicating auto-catalytic Ce³⁺ oxidation at the solid phase produced through primary Ce³⁺ oxidation by BMO. From X-ray diffraction analysis, the resultant solid phases formed through Ce³⁺ oxidation by BMO under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions consisted of cerianite with crystal sizes of 5.00–7.23 Å. Such nano-sized CeO₂ (CeO_2,BMO) showed faster auto-catalytic Ce³⁺ oxidation than that on well-crystalized cerianite under aerobic conditions, where the normalized pseudo-first order rate constants for auto-catalytic Ce³⁺ oxidation on CeO_2,BMO was two orders of magnitude higher. Consequently, we concluded that Ce³⁺ contact with BMOs sequesters Ce³⁺ through two oxidation paths: primary Ce³⁺ oxidation by BMOs produces nano-sized crystalline cerianite, and subsequent auto-catalytic Ce³⁺ oxidation efficiently occurs using dissolved oxygen as the oxidizing agent. Pretreatment of newly formed BMOs with La³⁺ solution resulted in decreased rate constants for primary Ce³⁺ oxidation by BMO due to site blocking by La³⁺ sorption. The results presented herein increase our understanding of the role of BMO in oxidative Ce³⁺ sequestration process(es) through enzymatic and abiotic paths in natural environments and provide supporting evidence for the potential application of BMOs towards the recovery of Ce³⁺ from contaminated waters.     

Freshwater lichens and habitat zonation of mountain streams

Freshwater lichens of selected Carpathian streams were investigated to identify their diversity and distribution patterns. Lichens were investigated along six transects, each running across three different habitats (hydrological zones: submerged, splash and riparian), established in upper, middle and lower reaches of the streams and the data were a subject to statistical analyses. The studied mountain streams provided suitable habitats for a number of aquatic and semi-aquatic lichens and species richness in both streams was very similar. Overall, 52 species of lichens were identified from all sampling plots (γ diversity). Species number for a single plot (α diversity) ranged from 1 to 14 species and differences in species composition between the plots (β diversity) were high. Differences were mainly noted for typical terrestrial lichens occurring in riparian zones. The location along the stream reaches did not have a significant effect on species diversity and distribution. The hydrological zone appeared to be the most important predictor explaining the small-scale occurrence and diversity of lichens with species assembled into distinct, low-diversity communities in the transition from submerged to riparian habitats. The distinction among hydrological zones and their lichen biota were corroborated by nMDS analyses. The method of defined plots provides a way of recording baseline data for a particular river, which can be repeated (monitor) in the future.     

南海3种可食绿藻化学成分及其营养评价

对南海3种可食绿藻条浒苔(Enterom orpha clathrata)、石莼(Ulva lactucaL.)和总状蕨藻(Caulerpa racem o-sa)的主要化学成分进行了分析,结果显示:多糖、蛋白质和粗纤维是构成藻体的主要化学成分,占藻体的92%以上,其中膳食纤维占64.22%~70.80%;蛋白质占14.15%~18.91%,平均为16.16%,且蛋白质中必需氨基酸含量高,占总氨基酸的42.37%~48.37%,氨基酸评分在73分以上,第一限制氨基酸随藻种而变化;脂肪含量在0.51%~0.81%之间,均低于1%,多不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸含量高,其含量分别为其总量的56.10%~63.20%和37.71%~39.39%;矿物质和维生素含量丰富,尤其是Fe、Zn、I等矿质元素和维生素C含量高。3种可食绿藻是高膳食纤维,高蛋白,低脂肪,低热能,且富含矿物质和维生素的天然理想保健食品原料。     

踩踏干扰下生物结皮土壤可培养微生物数量

生物结皮显著影响土壤微生物数量和群落组成。干扰是自然界常见现象,可引起生物结皮盖度及组分发生改变,进而导致生物结皮土壤微生物群落结构的变化。以发育8年的生物结皮为研究对象,采用平板培养法,研究了干扰下生物结皮层和其下0~2 cm土壤微生物数量的动态变化。结果表明：（1）干扰第2天不同菌种均有响应。生物结皮层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量波动范围分别为91.2×10⁵~303.5×10⁵ cfu·g^-1,0~487.2×10³ cfu·g^-1和23.0×10⁵~376.1×10⁵ cfu·g^-1;下层0~2 cm波动范围分别为65.6×10⁵~792.3×10⁵ cfu·g^-1,8.0×10³~506.3×10³ cfu·g^-1和17.3×10⁵~801.3×10⁵ cfu·g^-1。（2）生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm土壤细菌数量分别在干扰后第10天和第7天恢复稳定,真菌数量在第16天和第8天趋于平稳,放线菌数量在第8天和第4天恢复稳定。生物结皮层较0~2 cm土壤微生物数量恢复稳定滞后。（3）重新稳定后生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm细菌数量较干扰前分别下降了81.8%和79.6%.生物结皮层真菌数量显著增加,是干扰前的7.43倍;下层0~2 cm真菌数量下降了70.1%。生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm放线菌数量较干扰前分别降低46.5%和72.6%。（4）干扰显著改变土壤微生物群落结构,受影响程度细菌 > 放线菌 > 真菌变为放线菌 > 细菌 > 真菌。干扰可显著影响土壤微生物数量,但是随着时间延长微生物数量又会达到一个新的稳态,在研究微生物对干扰响应时,采样时间是研究结果的一个重要影响因素。     

红树林植物桐花树内生真菌主要无孢类群的分子鉴定

1 引言 真菌种类繁多,其形态性状复杂多变且易受环境影响,仅依靠形态、生化等表形特征加以鉴别显得较为困难且易出现偏差,尤其是真菌形态鉴定中占有重要地位的孢子,很多植物内生真菌孢子不能在一般实验室条件下形成,这一点给分类鉴定带来困难.随着分子生物学技术的发展,基于ITS(inter-nal transcribed spacer,ITS)区的多态性,ITS区的序列分析近来已广泛应用于真菌种属水平的分类和系统发育方面的研究[1-4].     

厦门西港西南部潮间带光滩土壤微生物的数量变化

研究了厦门西港西南部潮间带无植被滩涂土壤三大类群微生物的数量,结果表明光滩土壤中平均总菌数为18．4×104个/g(dry),细菌、放线菌和丝状真菌平均数量分别为17．4×103、10.1×103和2．1×101个/g(dry),分别占总菌数的94．53％、5.45％和0．02％;不同位点的总菌数及细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌的数量与它们所占总菌数的百分比存在着差异,这与不同位点的土壤有机质含量、N含量和受污染干扰的程度相关,数量特征可作为环境监测的生物学指标之一;放线菌和丝状真菌的数量与土壤盐含量有关,放线菌在低盐份下的培养数量多、生长好,高盐份胁迫可能是丝状真菌数量少的原因之一。