AM真菌对干旱区7种珍稀濒危植物引种培育的影响研究

为了探讨AM真菌对干旱区珍稀濒危植物引种过程中的成活、生长保育的影响研究,在盆栽条件下,选取具有代表性的7个珍稀濒临灭绝植物物种,在引种过程中定向接种AM真菌,通过分析植株的生长状况及AM真菌的侵染率,初步筛选在干旱区珍稀濒危植物引种过程中,具有应用价值的AM真菌与植物最佳共生模式。结果表明：7种濒危植物与AM真菌能形成共生关系,但植物与菌种间侵染率存在显著差异。既形成了良好的共生关系又能促进濒危植物生长的最佳组合有：AM真菌F.mosseae与白麻或乌拉尔甘草或蒙古莸的共生,真菌D.eburnea与新疆沙冬青的共生、真菌C.claroideum或F.mosseae与中麻黄的共生、真菌C.lamellosum与胀果甘草的共生、真菌C.etunicatum与蒙古沙冬青的共生。表明濒危植物与AM真菌之间存在一定的生态适用性选择关系,而且在利用AM真菌对濒危植物引种繁育时,必须要考虑他们间的生态适用性关系,才能充分发挥AM真菌的功能。这对干旱区珍稀濒危植物的引种繁殖意义重大。     

Alternaria tenuis菌孢热模拟生烃试验研究Ⅰ

本文以类似于地层中常见的无孔多胞孢的现代菌类-Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｓ菌孢进行热模拟生烃试验，分为常温、１００℃、２００℃、２５０℃、３００℃、４００℃、５００℃七个温度级试样，进行气体、族组分、元素、热解色谱、红外光谱、差热等分析，所获结果表明菌类也是良好的生油（气）原始母质，相当于Ⅰ型或Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根，３００℃-４００℃是菌类热模拟产烃高峰期，菌孢的热模拟试验清晰地显示了其有机质热演化和油气形成历程。     

Mineral accumulations induced by biological activity on granitic rocks in Qinghai Plateau,China

Fragments of weathered granitic rocks from the Kunlun Shan, Qinghai Plateau (China) were investigated to elucidate the in?uence of biotic crusts on the breakdown of granitic rocks in an alpine environment. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive system and X‐ray diffractometry were used to describe the nature and properties of mineral accumulations on the rock surface. Results showed that organic salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium formate are associated with Aspicilia caesiocinera (Nyl.ex Malbr.) Arnold, Caloplaca sp., Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th.Fr., and Lecidea plana (Lahm) Nyl. Secondary accumulations of 2 : 1 clays minerals are found in A. caesiocinera while oxides of manganese are associated with X. elegans. Coatings of goethite (iron oxides) are believed to form from biological activity associated with the presence of hyphae and rodlet structures on the ?akes. Calcium oxalate crystallizes into several morphologies such as druse, hexagonal plates, and lenticular containing between 20 and 48 per cent calcium by weight. Calcium formate and iron oxide (goethite) occur together in the form of ‘red’ desert varnish. Observed ‘black’ coatings contain as much as 37 per cent manganese and 22 per cent iron. Clay accumulations have plate‐like morphology and contain c. 2 : 1 silicon to aluminium contents. We argue that organic acids from the activities of biotic crusts contribute to the breakdown of granitic rocks. Fungi accelerate the breakdown of granitic rocks through the growth of fungal hyphae along the 001 cleavage planes in primary chloritic minerals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of biological soil crust cover in bioweathering and protection of sandstones in a semi‐arid landscape (Torrollones de Gabarda,Huesca, Spain)

Sandstone structural landscapes in the semi‐arid Torrollones de Gabarda area (Province of Huesca, NE Spain) are often covered by a well developed biological soil crust of lichens, mosses and cyanobacteria and black coatings on vertical surfaces. By using scanning electron microscopy with backscattered detector imaging, the biological soil crust studied evidenced high activity in the sandstone–crust interface. Processes such as physical disintegration, etching and dwelling as well as biomineralization by calcium oxalate and ?xation of mineral particles by extracellular polymeric substances were observed. On the horizontal sandstone surfaces these processes may cause the occurrence of gnammas and the development of a protective coating that favours intense ?aking when the crust is disturbed. On the sandstone cliffs, columnar and tafoni weathering development is clearly guided by the protective action of the biological soil crust. These qualitative observations are important to develop methodologies to address their quantitative importance in geomorphological processes in semi‐arid landscapes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国食用菌研究进展和发展方向

总结了我国科技工作者在食用菌种质资源、育种、栽培和加工技术等方面取得的研究进展,提出我国食用菌的发展方向:加强生物技术育种研究和应用、重视野生食用菌的人工驯化栽培研究、加强生物多样性保护力度、快速推进精深加工技术及其产业化研究、加强质量标准和检测体系建设。     

西藏经济真菌资源

西藏真菌资源丰富,目前已知食用菌352种,107属,34科。药用菌163种,82属,41科,其中用于抗癌和试验抗癌的93种,有毒菌97种,36属,20科。外生菌根菌107种,29属,19科。木腐菌47种,30属,13科。地处世界屋脊的西藏,还孕育了多种多样的高山真菌,有待进一步考察研究和开发利用。     

三明市低温型食用菌气候资源分析及综合评价

在对低温型食用菌生活条件和三明市低温型食用菌气候资源分析的基础上,确定了三明市低温型食用菌的气候指标,并建立气候模式。根据气候模式、地理信息系统、经济效益及交通状况等,综合评价了三明市低温型食用菌的资源状况,并以此为依据,利用G IS软件将三明市分为4个栽培区,即经济效益较低区、适宜栽培区、最适宜发展区和反季节栽培区。     

多裂骆驼蓬乙醇提取物的杀菌抑菌试验研究

荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬（Peganum multisectum (Maxim) Bobr）系蒺藜科的一种多年生草本植物,其种子的乙醇提取物对供试的4种常见细菌和9种植物病菌有较好的杀菌、抑菌活性。研究表明,随着提取液浓度的降低,杀菌、抑菌活性逐渐降低,但延长处理时间,其杀菌、抑菌活性升高,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和普通变形杆菌 (Proteus vulgaris)的杀菌活性最强,杀菌活性可达90%以上。当用1∶10的种子提取液进行真菌孢子萌发抑制试验时,发现对病原真菌的作用中以对苹果白粉菌和黄瓜白粉菌抑菌活性最显著,其孢子的校正抑制率分别达79.52%和77.71%。实验结果表明,荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬是潜力很大、有待开发的生物农药药用植物资源。     

海洋丝状真菌降解原油研究Ⅱ.砂砾中油污去除室内模拟试验

１引言现有的大量实验研究结果表明［１－４］,从海洋环境中分离出的降解石油烃细菌和酵母不仅对不同油种降解差异较大、降解率较低,而且它们大都在小油滴中生长,那里的营养盐和氧含量往往限制其生长繁殖和降解石油烃能力,所以,要应用海洋细菌和酵母清除海上油污,就...