Marine Mangrove Fungi

Abstract. Driftwood, prop roots and other mangrove samples were collected from the intertidal regions of Brillant and Anse Boileau mangrove stands, in the Seychelles. This material was examined for the presence of higher marine fungi. Forty seven species of marine fungi were collected (37 Ascomycotina , 1 Basidiomycotina, 9 Deuteromycotina) , with Halocypluna villosu the most common fungus, while Aniptodera mungrovii, Antennospora quudricorruita, Halosarpheia marina , Ascomyccte sp. (4), and Lulworthiu grandispora were collected frequently. The mycota of the two mangrove stands arc compared. A list of fungi recorded from mangroves is compiled.     

重寄生菌对花棒锈病的抑制作用

花棒(Hedysarum scoparium Fisch.et Mey.)是优良的固沙先锋树种,花棒锈病（Uromyces onobrychidis (Desm.)Lév.）是花棒的常见病害之一,在一些地区严重制约了花棒的先锋固沙作用。本文对花棒锈病菌上的重寄生菌菌种来源、温度和碳源对重寄生菌菌丝生长及产孢的影响、室内接种试验、花棒锈病菌的重寄生现象及对花棒锈病的自然抑制力进行了研究。研究发现,花棒锈病菌的重寄生菌寄生于花棒锈病菌的夏孢子堆和冬孢子堆上,被重寄生菌寄生后,夏孢子堆由橙黄色变为灰白色,冬孢子堆由棕褐色变为灰色,后期夏孢子失去萌发力,孢子堆原基处只存有重寄生菌的分生孢子器。重寄生菌在20～25℃ PDA培养基上产孢量大。重寄生菌为Sphaerellopsis sp.,是一种自然重寄生现象,并对花棒锈病有很强的抑制作用,如果充分利用这一生物链,人工干预这一现象的早发和多发,可以有效提高花棒固沙能力的发挥,其潜质意义很大,是以菌治病、以菌哺林的新资源。     

一株岩生真菌对白云岩中稀土元素溶出、迁移和富集影响的研究

选用一株从碳酸盐岩表面分离的真菌,研究了实验条件下岩生真菌对白云岩中稀土元素的溶出、迁移和富集作用过程。通过分析不同培养时间真菌培养液上清液及菌丝体稀土元素浓度和组成特征,研究了真菌生命活动对稀土元素行为的影响,探讨了微生物影响稀土元素行为的机制。结果表明,该株真菌对白云岩中稀土元素的溶出、迁移和富集有一定的作用,真菌的活动可以提高稀土元素溶出量,使Ce相对活化,对Eu则有抑制作用,培养液上清液和真菌菌丝体均具富Ce贫Eu的特征;真菌生长产生的酸性环境、氧化还原作用、代谢产物的络合作用,以及真菌菌丝体的直接吸收和吸附作用,是该株真菌影响稀土元素行为的主要机制。     

Effect of salinity on the growth, biological activity and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi

The study investigated the effects of salinity on growth,antimicrobial activities and secondary metabolites of 47 marine filamentous fungi isolated from the East China Sea near the western shore of the Taiwan Straits.The results indicate that NaCl promoted the growth up to 91.5% of test strains.However,only 14.9% of them showed a significant increase of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans.When incubated in different concentrations of NaCl,the colony growth, antimicrobial activities and composition of secondary metabolites of the strain Ty01b-8 of Penicillium sp.varied.Treatment with KCl also showed a similar effect.An alkaloid isolated from the fermentation broth of Ty01b-8 was identified as chrysogine,inhibition activity of which against Hela cells was 15.05% at 20 μ g/ml,and yield was 4.4 and 4.9 times higher in 3 percent and 6 percent NaCl treatments,respectively, compared with the non-salt culture condition. These findings prove that salinity is an important factor influencing growth and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi,which can be used to screen for new metabolites from marine fungi,and to enhance their metabolites production in industrial fermentation.     

Airborne Microorganisms Emitted from Wastewater Treatment Plant Treating Domestic Wastewater and Meat Processing Industry Wastes

Experiments were conducted to study the airborne microbial contamination generated by a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Aerosol samples were collected simultaneously, by sedimentation and impact methods, from the area and the surroundings of the WWTP. Total colony forming units (CFUs) of heterotrophic bacteria (HPC), as well as members of the Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, enterococci, actinomycetes, and microscopic fungi were determined. Bacterial (HPC) concentrations ranged between 10¹ and 10⁴ CFU/m³, fungi 0 and 10⁴ CFU/m³. Higher numbers of HPC bacteria in air samples were observed in summer, fungi in autumn. The main emission of microorganisms to atmospheric air was from the mechanical sewage treatment devices of the WWTP. The facilities of the biological sewage treatment of the plant did not generate large amounts of bioaerosols. In the air obtained from the premises of the WWTP, 25 species of the Enterobacteriaceae were isolated (Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli). At the fence and in the surroundings only Pantoea spp. were identified. This suggests that the sewage bacteria were mainly discharged in the area of the WWTP. The presence of enteric bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae reflects the level of air pollution with bioaerosols from sewage and is an important factor during monitoring the quality of the air around WWTPs.     

米槠天然林土壤真菌对N2O产生的贡献

研究表明亚热带地区森林土壤硝化和反硝化能力都非常低,但却是全球N2O最大的自然源之一,因而推测极有可能存在N2O潜在源未被认识,有迹象表明真菌最有可能是这一潜在源的贡献者,但实际研究证据并不多．为此本研究以中亚热带地区典型常绿阔叶林——武夷山自然保护区米槠天然林土壤为对象,利用室内基质诱导呼吸选择抑制方法,研究在水分60％WHC和温度25℃条件下土壤真菌细菌活性比及其对N2O产生的相对贡献．结果显示真菌和细菌的活性比例分别是0．7±0．3和0．3±0．1,前者显著大于后者（P〈0．05）,真菌与细菌的活性比为2．00±1．00;与对照相比,添加放线菌酮（真菌抑制剂）处理N2O产生速率减少了50．8±11．3％,添加链霉素（细菌抑制剂）处理则减少了43．7±11．8％,前者减少是后者的1．15倍,但差异不显著．研究结果表明该米槠天然林土壤在给定实验条件下真菌活性比细菌的大,但二者对土壤N2O产生的贡献几乎相等．基质诱导呼吸选择抑制方法具有较多的限制条件,若得出可靠结论,还应该利用包括生物化学、分子生物学方法在内的多种方法进行相互验证．同时今后应加强真菌产生N2O途径及机理研究．     

Bioreduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Live and Active Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Kinetics and Modeling

In this work the potential of live and active Phanerochaete chryosporium, a white rot fungi, to remove lower Cr(VI) concentration from aqueous solutions was reported for the first time. A medium pH had significant effect on the growth of the fungus and bioremoval of Cr(VI). Substrate inhibition on the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evident beyond 20 g L^?1 of dextrose concentration. A maximum biomass concentration of 15.64 g L^?1 was obtained for an initial dextrose concentration of 20 g L^?1 in metal free medium at pH 6.0. An increase in Cr(VI) concentration beyond 10 mg L^?1 inhibited the growth of the fungi, thereby, reducing the chromium bioremoval efficiency. A maximum reduction efficiency of 98.92% was reported for an initial metal concentration of 10 mg L^?1. A mathematical expression for the bioreduction of Cr(VI) considering the organic compounds in the cells was proposed.