可食性壳聚糖包装膜的制备及其性质研究

以壳聚糖为成膜剂 ,以体积比为 1 %的乙酸水溶液为溶剂配制成壳聚糖成膜液 ,在成膜液中加入硬脂酸 ,用流涎法分别制成壳聚糖简单可食性包装膜和壳聚糖硬脂酸复合可食性包装膜。对膜的性能如抗拉强度、伸长率、水蒸气透过率、气体透过率、折痕等进行了分析。结果表明 ,膜性能的优劣与壳聚糖、硬脂酸等含量及成膜时的条件有关。     

北极Ny-Ålesund地区真菌多样性分析及龙胆苦苷转化菌株的筛选

采用多种培养基对北极高纬地区（土壤及海洋沉积物）真菌进行分离纯化,共得真菌65株。通过分析菌株的18S rDNA序列研究了它们的系统发育多样性,18S rDNA序列分析表明,65株真菌分属25个属,其中数量上位居第一的是青霉属（Penicillium）,有菌株20株,其次为丛赤壳属（Nectria）和节枝孢属（Articulospora）,各有菌株6株。同时对这65株真菌开展转化龙胆苦苷阳性菌株的筛选。以β-葡萄糖苷酶作为筛选转化菌株的标志酶于65株真菌中筛选到阳性菌株28株,其中产酶能力强的9株菌作为转化实验的备选菌株,以龙胆苦苷为底物进行转化,将转化粗提物进行TLC及HPLC分析,最终确定将C-5作为转化龙胆苦苷的菌株。根据菌株形态特征和核酸序列分析结果,初步鉴定菌株C-5为青霉属真菌。暂定名为Penicillium sp.C-5。     

大青山、蛮汗山外生菌根真菌资源调查

室外调查与室内观察鉴定结果表明：1．大青山、蛮汗山外生菌根真菌资源极为丰富。其中大青山已知存在78种外生菌根真菌，隶属于15科，3l属；蛮汗山已知存在79种外生菌根真菌，隶属于15科，32属。2．在高海拔阴坡和半阴坡，与青海云杉、落叶松共生的主要为牛肝菌属、乳菇属、红菇属、丝膜菌属；与阔叶树共生的以鹅膏科为最多。3．在中低海拔地区与松属共生频率最高的是乳牛肝菌属；与杨、桦共生最多的是杯伞属、桩菇属、蘑菇属。4．通过分离，在大青山、蛮汗山先后分别获得珍贵菌根菌10种、12种。5．在分离的菌根菌中乳牛肝菌属中的大部分种为油松、樟子松的优秀菌根真菌。     

三明市食用菌生产农业气候资源分析与区划

通过对三明市山地农业气候资源和食用菌生产的气象条件的调查与分析 ,采用划分温期法和候平均气温资料 ,选择适栽食用菌品种和菌株 ,科学安排栽培生产季节 ,实现食用菌周年生产和高产优质 ;应用地理信息系统 ,建立气候资源小网格推算模式 ,制作食用菌生产气候区划图 ,趋利避害 ,为合理开发利用闽中山区农业气候资源、发展食用菌生产提供了科学依据。     

菌根真菌对土壤中有机污染物的修复研究

菌根真菌是真菌与植物之间特殊的联合共生体，利用菌根真菌修复土壤，尤其是修复有机污染物污染的土壤，正成为一个崭新的研究方向。菌根真菌是土壤真菌的一种，但与土壤中放线菌和细菌等微生物相比，其对土壤中有机污染物具有更大的忍耐能力，并且能利用土壤中大多数持久性有机污染物作为碳源来获取能量。综述了近20年菌根真菌对土壤有机污染物降解研究，讨论了菌根真菌降解土壤有机污染物的可能机制，并探讨了从引入固氮菌、外源细菌两个方面对菌根调控以提高修复效果的可能性，为进一步研究菌根真菌生物降解土壤中持久性有机污染物、利用菌根植物修复有机污染土壤提供信息。     

陇南食用菌生产中的气象问题及其对策

经过１９９４～１９９８年对食用菌的栽培研究,结合陇南山区温、湿、风等气象要素和暴雨、连阴雨、干旱等灾害性天气时空分布及其变化规律分析,提出陇南山区食用菌生产中存在的气象问题和对策。     

Changes associated with Phragmites australis invasion in plant community and soil properties: A study on three invaded communities in a wetland,Victoria, Australia

Phragmites australis invasion is altering plant communities and therefore, soil properties have been changed significantly. This study compared the diversity among three communities in a wetland to assess the impact of invasion by Phragmites and the associated impact on soil properties. Three diversity indices, species richness (S), evenness (E) and Shanon-Weiner index (H) had significantly higher values in uninvaded plots compared to invaded in all the communities. Invaded plots had the lowest diversity, with H = 0 and Simpson’s index (D) = 1, (i.e. they were monospecific). These results support the idea that a reduction in diversity can be expected in wetlands colonized by Phragmites. Phragmites invasion significantly increased soil moisture, EC, phenolics, organic carbon, dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass (C, N, P) with reduction of pH and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi spore density compared with uninvaded zones. In addition, the study of antifungal phytochemistry of Phragmites elucidated the decrease of the competitive abilities of native plant Melaleuca ericifolia by interfering with formation of mycorrhizal associations and biomass. Our results suggest that Phragmites invasion has caused significant ecological alterations in communities by demonstrating a combined effect to plant diversity and soil variables.     

Biogeographical patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in China's grasslands

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) are universally mutualistic symbionts that colonize the fine roots of most vascular plants. However, the biogeographical patterns and driving factors of AMF diversity of plant roots in grasslands are not well investigated. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing techniques and bioinformatics to evaluate the AMF richness of 333 individual plant roots in 21 natural grassland ecosystems in northern China, including the Loess Plateau(LP), the Mongolian Plateau(MP), and the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The AMF richness showed a significant parabolic trend with increasing longitude. In regional situations, the AMF richness in the grasslands of the MP(60.4 ± 1.47) was significantly higher than those of the LP(46.4 ± 1.43) and TP(44.3 ± 1.64). Plant traits(including plant families, genera, and functional groups) explained the most variation in the AMF richness across China's grasslands, followed by energy and water; soil properties had the least effects. The results showed the biogeographical patterns of the AMF richness and the underlying dominant factors, providing synthetic data compilation and analyses in the AMF diversity in China's grasslands.     

具有抑制植物病原真菌活性的含氮、硫、磷壳聚糖衍生物的研究进展

海洋生物体内蕴含着天然活性物质,许多都具有杀菌、杀虫、抗逆、促生长等功能,已成为新农药创制的重要源泉,据此研制新型海洋生物源农药,是海洋生物产业中的一个新领域,也是新型生物农药研发的重要途径。以虾、蟹壳为原料制备的壳聚糖是一种碱性多糖,能够促进植物生长,提高植物抗病、抗逆能力,在农业上受到广泛关注。为提高壳聚糖的应用性,通过改性提高其抑菌性是一个研究热点。本文主要基于本实验室近20年来在壳聚糖衍生化及抑菌活性方面开展的工作,系统地阐述了提高壳聚糖抑菌活性的活性拼接改性策略,即通过在不同位点接枝含氮、含磷、含硫等抑菌活性基团以提高其抑菌活性,分析了其构效关系,为研制新型海洋生物农药提供了理论与技术支撑。     

海洋真菌来源吲哚生物碱类化合物的结构和活性研究

近年来,海洋真菌因其能够产生大量结构新颖、活性显著的代谢产物而受到广泛关注。本文综述了1991—2010年间从海洋真菌分离得到的134个新吲哚生物碱的结构和活性研究情况,其中包括fumitremorgin类19个、notoamide类22个、细胞松弛素类18个、吲哚喹唑啉类9个、吲哚萜类11个、肽类及其他单吲哚类21个和双吲哚类化合物34个。海洋真菌来源的吲哚生物碱不仅结构奇特,并且表现出多种重要的生物活性,具有潜在的研究和应用价值。