海洋真菌多样性的研究进展

海洋微生物作为海洋生物的一个组成，有其独特的特性，耐盐性不能作为区分海洋型与陆生型微生物的标志。本文对海洋真菌的的界定、数量、附着基质、生态类型以及其产生的生物活性物质做了概述。     

海洋细菌B-9987 胞外代谢产物的纯化及抑菌机理初探

由渤海海泥中分离得到 30 0株菌株 ,从中筛选获得海洋生境芽孢杆菌B 9987菌株 ,其胞外物质经乙醚萃取、硅胶G薄层层析、官能团显色反应及紫外扫描 ,测其组分 ;以不同浓度B 9987菌株的抑菌液测定对植物病原真菌的抑制效果。结果表明 ,B 9987菌株的胞外抑菌物质可能是酚类化合物 ;该物质对植物病原真菌茄交镰孢菌、大丽轮枝菌、黄枝孢菌、立枯丝核菌的抑制作用 ,主要是造成真菌孢子或菌丝末端膨大成球状 ,继而胞壁崩解 ,原生质外泄。对尖刀镰孢菌和莴苣霜霉菌的抑制作用 ,则表现为孢子萌发率降低和菌丝长度明显变短。该抑菌物质可望开发为农用抗生素     

Holocene occurrence of Lophodermium piceae, a black spruce needle endophyte and possible paleoindicator of boreal forest health

Holocene occurrences of conifer needle endophytes have not previously been reported. We report the fossil remains of Lophodermium piceae (Fckl.) Hoehn., a fungal endophyte of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) needles, in macrofossils dating back to 8000 cal yr BP. Spruce budworm head capsules and L. piceae remains were found preceding charcoal layers delineating the transformation of four spruce−moss forest sites to spruce−lichen woodland. As L. piceae is found solely on senescent needles, its increased presence during these transformation periods likely indicates that the forests were in decline due to the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) when they burned. Future paleoecological studies incorporating needle fungi observations could be used to investigate the historical occurrence of tree disease and the role of fungi in forest health and decline.     

极地越冬食品保障——关于南极科考越冬食用蔬菜问题

蔬菜是人们摄取各种营养成分主要来源之一,由于南极的特殊环境,科考队员所需的各种营养成分很难得到满足。为重视、解决这一问题,文中详细讨论了选用传统东北人冬季食用蔬菜制品,代替南极科考队的越冬食用蔬菜,来满足生理需要。     

20年来四川食用蕈菌研究的回顾与展望

四川省内菌物学工作者1970年代末开始对大型食用蕈菌进行研究,有文献资料记载是1983年。20年来, 既有引种、野生菌人工驯化栽培、高产栽培技术,又有病虫害防治的研究,还有应用原生质体融合技术选育新品种工作。其间选育出食用菌新品种12个,获得成果13项,其中获奖成果7项,最高奖项是国家技术发明二等奖。建议今后应加大野生食用菌资源合理开发利用和保护力度,加强新品种和新技术研究,加强精深加工产品开发,研究适宜四川产业化发展经营新模式等。     

Zoosporic aquatic fungi growing on dead specimens of 29 freshwater crustacean species

The authors investigated aquatic fungi growing on the carapaces of 29 species of dead crustaceans (13 species of Copepoda, 13 species of Cladocera and 3 species of Ostracoda) in the water from six limnological and trophical different water bodies (two springs, one river, one lake and two ponds). All of these waterbodies are strongly loaded. 146 species of aquatic fungi were found on the carapaces: 40 Chytridiomycetes, 1 Hyphochytriomycete and 105 Oomycetes. The most common fungus species were Karlingia chitinophila, Myzocytium microsporum, Myzocytium zoophthorum, Pythium acanthicum, Pythium butleri and Pythium myriotylum. Most zoosporic fungus species were observed on the specimens of Daphnia pulex (50 fungus species), Daphnia magna (48) and Cyclocypris laevis (44), fewest on Cyclops fuscus and Cyclops vicinus (each 10).The most fungi were growing in the water from River Supraśl (86), the fewest in the water from Pond Fosa (53). Cluster analysis of the investigated parameters carried out in water bodies during the experiment on zoosporic fungus species has revealed that in the water from springs and Pond Fosa the number of fungus species is closely associated with the concentration of sulphates, in water from River Supraśl and Lake Komosa with calcium and in the water from Pond Dojlidy with chlorides. Out of these 146 species, 21 are known as parasites or necrotrophs of fish. Some dead specimens of crustacean species are a new substrate for some fungus species.     

Microfungal community associated with rhizosphere soil of Zygophyllum qatarense in arid habitats of Bahrain

Population density and species diversity of microfungal communities were investigated in the rhizosphere soil of the halophytic plant Zygophyllum qatarense inhabiting saline and nonsaline habitats of the arid desert environment of Bahrain. Unlike the nonsaline habitat which is situated in the physiographic zone of multiple escarpment and backslopes, the saline site is located in the coastal lowlands and is featured by high chloride content, electrical conductivity, total soluble salts and low organic matter. Soils of both habitats are sandy, slightly alkaline, poor in nutrient sources, low in water-holding capacity and mainly dominated by a salt-tolerant flora. Quantification of data for the recovery of fungi were based on colony identification and counts by a series of ten-fold dilutions plate method, using various natural, synthetic and selective media. A total of 2780 isolates, fluctuating between 25 and 1109 per sample, were recovered during the present study among all habitats, seasons and plant sizes. Grouping of these isolates has resulted in a maximum of 28 fungal taxa varied between 5 and 15 species, of which 24 were hyphomycetes, 3 ascomycetes and one was an unknown species. All the recorded species in this study, excluding the genus Fusarium, are newly reported from the arid terrestrial habitats of Bahrain. Of the encountered fungi,Cladosporium sphaerospermum was the most dominant and frequent genus, among all plant sizes, followed by Penicillium citrinam and Aspergillus fumigatus, a finding with consistent documented data from similar arid Sahara ecosystems. Examination of data, supported by analysis of relative density values, percentage recovery rates, polar ordination and diversity indices revealed that the nonsaline habitat during the dry period yielded the highest isolate frequency, species abundance, and diversity when compared with the saline habitat. Moreover, a progressive increase in colony occurrence and species diversity was equivalently associated with increment in plant size in the nonsaline habitat. Apparently, the vast majority (moderate to low occurrence class) of the reported species are rhizosphere indigenous saprophytic cellulose-decomposers, whilst the sparse taxa (high occurrence class), e.g. C. sphaerospermum, are regarded as thermo-osmotolerant. Comparison of species richness among samples suggests that small plants inhabiting nonsaline habitats during the wet and dry season were richest in species composition. It is proposed that inter- and intra-specific variation in fungal community between the above habitats reflect not only the influence of plant age and season but also extends to critical multi-soil edaphic and biotic factors involving essentially soil moisture, salinity and root growth dynamic and exudates.     

Hydroxy acids in Antarctic lake sediments and their geochemical significance

Hydroxy acids in sediments of Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, Joyce and Vanda, and unnamed ponds (B2, NF1, NF2 and L4) as well as in cyanobacterial mats from the McMurdo Sound region of southern Victoria Land in Antarctica have been studied to clarify their features and elucidate their source organisms. Normal and branched (iso and anteiso) 2-hydroxy acids were found in all the samples studied with the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively. The most dominant 2-hydroxy acids in the sediments were mainly short-chain components (<C₂₀). Normal and branched 3-hydroxy acids were detectewith the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively, in total concentrations between 0.48 and 53 μg/g of dry sediment. (ω-1)-Hydroxy acids were all long-chains (C₂₂, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈ and C₃₀). 9,10-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic and/or 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids were identified in all the sediments and a cyanobacterial mat. The composition of hydroxy acids differ considerably among the lakes and ponds, suggesting the difference of source organisms. These 2-, 3- and (ω-1)-hydroxy, and 9,10-dihydroxy acids may be derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae, in addition to non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Cyanobacteria and microalgae which are widely distributed in the world, may be important sources of hydroxy acids in the natural environments.     

水分胁迫下菌根真菌对滇柏(CupressusduclouxianaHichel)幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

在正常水分、中度干旱、重度干旱3个水分条件下,设对照(A)、接种内生菌根真菌(B)、接种外生菌根真菌(C)、混合接种(D)四个处理,利用盆栽实验研究了菌根真菌对滇柏生物量和N、P含量以及根系形态的影响。结果表明:在正常水分条件下,菌根真菌对滇柏的响应主要表现在生物量上,对N、P含量的影响主要体现在根上,其中滇柏的B、C、D处理根系中氮含量分别比对照显著增加了65.4%、118.2%和117.7%,而根系中磷含量只有C和D处理比对照显著增加了40.4%和49.4%。对根系形态影响显著,其中D处理的根长和表面积和对照差异显著。在中度干旱条件下,以外生菌和混合菌接种对植物的N的响应差异显著,主要体现在叶上,其中C和D处理和对照呈显著性差异。以外生菌和混合菌接种对植物的P的响应差异显著,主要体现在根和叶上。从根系形态上,接种处理的影响呈现出一个总体趋势,混合>外生>内生>对照。重度干旱条件下,不论是外生菌或内生菌或混合对滇柏的影响都很小。可见,在极度缺水的条件下,菌根真菌的作用有限。总之,在一般干旱条件下,菌根真菌能够提高滇柏的抗旱能力。      

丛枝菌根影响土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移转化和累积过程的机制及其生态应用

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在的一类专性共生土壤微生物,能够与80%左右的陆地植物建立共生关系。AMF从宿主植物获取碳水化合物以维系自身生长;作为回报,AMF能够帮助植物从土壤中吸收矿质养分和水分。很多研究表明,AM共生体系对于植物适应各种逆境胁迫(如贫瘠、干旱、环境污染等)具有重要作用。在土壤重金属污染情况下,AMF能够通过多种途径影响植物对重金属的吸收、累积和解毒过程,并对植物产生保护效应。本文围绕AM对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移、转化和累积过程的影响机制,系统评述了金属元素种类及污染程度、宿主植物和AMF种类,以及土壤理化性质等因素对AM植物吸收累积重金属的影响,并从AMF对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的直接作用(包括菌丝吸收和固持,以及改变根际重金属形态等),及AMF改善植物矿质营养促进植物生长从而间接增强植物重金属耐性两方面讨论了AM增强植物重金属耐性的机理,系统总结了相关研究领域的前沿动态。最后,对菌根技术在农田和矿区重金属污染土壤生物修复中的应用前景进行了展望。