Impacts of land-use and climate changes on ecosystem productivity and carbon cycle in the cropping-grazing transitional zone in China

Terrestrial ecosystems are both a carbon source and sink, therefore play an important role in the global carbon cycle that act as a link of interactions between human activities and climate changes[1,2]. Climate change impacts ecosystem carbon cycle through af- fecting biological processes, e.g. plant photosynthesis, respiration, and soil carbon decomposition. Land-use change directly modifies the distribution and structure of terrestrial ecosystems and hence the carbon storage and fluxes. Usi…     

Scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf

The abundance and health of scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island were investigated. For this purpose, we employed 20 m line intercept transects—12 in the intertidal zone and 15 subtidally to evaluate coral cover and community composition. The estimated dead coral coverage was 6.21%±0.81%, while live coral coverage was 16.93%±1.81%, considered as very poor. Totally, 12 genera were recorded, of which Porites with 11.9%±1.4% live cover was the dominant, while Goniopora had the least cover (0.07%±0.08%). Based on Mann-Whitney U-test, live coral coverage, dead coral coverage, algal coverage, cover of other benthic organisms and abiotic components showed significant univariate differences between zones (p<0.05). The Spearman correlation test between the abundance of biotic and abiotic components indicated significant negative correlation of live coral and sand with zoantharian and significant positive correlation of algae and other benthic organisms with rubble. The reef health indices used for the corals indicated that, in general, the environmental conditions were not suitable, which could be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic factors, the most important of which was zoantharian’ overgrowth on the scleractinian corals in this region.     

区域生态系统健康评价指标体系构架--以广东省生态系统健康评价为例

探讨了区域生态系统健康指标选择原则。从区域的河流和陆地两方面确定指标体系,根据生态系统层次性,采用多目标多层次模糊优选模型。以广东省为例,在广东省分生态小区的基础上,对各区的生态环境进行了评价与比较排序,通过综合优属度给出了生态系统健康状态。     

2000—2019年中国重大生态工程生态效益遥感评估

本文提出了重大生态工程实施生态效益评估理论框架,在选取生态系统宏观结构、生态系统质量和生态系统服务3大类、6个一级指标和9个二级指标的基础上,利用地面和遥感数据,结合模型模拟,生成了2000—2019年长时间序列评估指标参数数据集,定量评估了中国重大生态工程实施20年后的生态效益。结果表明：生态恢复程度中等、较高和高的区域面积分别占全国国土面积的24.1%、11.9%和1.7%,生态工程实施数量越多的地区,生态恢复程度越高,生态恢复程度较高和高的区域主要集中在黄土高原、北方农牧交错带、东北平原、川滇黔渝湘结合部等地区;气候因素和生态工程对植被净初级生产力变化的贡献率分别为85.4%和14.6%,对水蚀模数变化的贡献率分别为69.5%和30.5%;中国植被覆盖度有20%的恢复潜力,森林植被覆盖度恢复潜力为6.4%,草地植被覆盖度恢复潜力为23%;气候条件是生态恢复的重要限制因素,生态恢复程度较高和高的区域主要分布在年均温大于0 ℃和年降水量大于300 mm的地区。因此,重大生态工程的部署,应充分考虑气候条件的限制性,避免实施单一生态工程或单一生态恢复措施,充分发挥生态工程组合措施的综合效应,提高生态投入资金的最大效益。     

福建近岸海洋生态系统服务面临的挑战与调控对策

本文分析了福建近岸海湾资源开发利用现状、发展趋势和存在的主要生态问题，认为生态系统服务是可持续发展目标实现的基本保证．文中着重指出了随着沿海港口建设和港口工业的快速发展，福建近岸海洋生态系统服务面临着严峻挑战；并提出了合理港口功能布局、建立染事污故应急联动处置机制、加大城市排海污水治理力度、实施入海污染物总量控制、对滨海湿地实施法制化管理和加强对赤潮的监控等维护海洋生态系统服务的调控对策．     

环境中氟的来源及健康风险评估研究进展

氟是存在于自然环境中的一种人体必需的微量元素,其在环境中的缺乏或过剩可能导致健康问题。本文综述了氟在自然界如大气、岩石、土壤、水体、植物中的来源,分析了其形态及含量受环境影响的因素如地形、雨水淋溶、土壤母质、土壤酸碱度、土壤有机质等。氟的来源广泛,目前全球超过2.6亿人受氟带来的环境问题影响,因此开展健康风险评估具有重要意义。氟的健康风险评估常用的风险评估模型有危害系数（Hazard Quotient）、危害指数（Hazard Index）,概率方法也常运用于风险分析中,目前还出现应用多途径暴露评估法对氟进行评估,不确定性和灵敏度的研究对于评估模型尤为关键。本文比较了传统模型的可行性和局限性,认为确定氟富集的途径,完善复合暴露评估的模式,考虑氟摄入的生物有效性,对于氟的健康风险评估十分必要;氟的健康风险评估下一步的研究还可以趋向于使用模型对氟的风险进行预测;对于氟的来源、赋存状态、迁移途径以及含量影响因素等仍然需要深入了解,全面评估其带来的健康风险。     

Estimation of element‐by‐element demand‐to‐capacity ratios in instrumented SMRF buildings using measured seismic response

This paper presents a methodology to estimate element‐by‐element demand‐to‐capacity ratios in instrumented steel moment‐resisting frames subject to earthquakes. The methodology combines a finite element model and acceleration measurements at various points throughout the building to estimate time history of displacements and internal force demands in all members. The estimated demands and their uncertainty are compared with code‐based capacity from which probabilistic bounds of demand‐to‐capacity ratios are obtained. The proposed methodology is verified using a simulated six‐story building and validated using acceleration data from California Strong Motion Instrumentation Programstation 24370 during the Northridge and Sierra Madre earthquakes.     

全球岩溶生态系统对比:科学目标和执行计划

由我国提出的新的国际地质对比计划“全球岩溶生态系统对比”（IGCP 448）已于2000年初由IGCP科学委员会批准，在2000－2004的5年中执行。该项目的科学目标是：对比全球不同气候条件下的宏观岩溶生态系统，揭示其形成机理；对比不同地质条件下微观岩溶生态系统，揭示其对物种选择的影响，为岩溶地区石漠化治理，重建良性生态系统探索新思路，从地理，地质角度对比地下岩溶生态系统；研究岩溶生态系统与人类活动的相互作用。5年中除40余个参与国将作好本国岩溶生态系统研究作为全球对比的基础外，还将重点联合考察罗马尼亚，巴西，中国，西班牙，法国，美国，俄罗斯，澳大利亚等国的典型岩溶区，并作深入对比研究，IGCP448的核心科学问题是岩溶生态系统的运行规律，对如何利用我国地域优势和组织该多边国际合作计划的有利条件，进一步做好我国岩溶生态系统研究提出了若干建议。     

蚌埠市三汊河湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价

根据实地调查和相关文献分析,对蚌埠市三汊河湿地的生态系统进行了分类。将湿地分为自然湿地和人工湿地两大类,永久性河流、季节性河流、芦苇沼泽、灌溉水渠、养殖池、稻田湿地6小类。对自然湿地和人工湿地的水文调节、固碳、水体净化、物质生产、旅游科研、提供生境等6项生态系统服务功能价值进行评价和估算。结果表明三汊河湿地的生态系统服务功能总价值为2157.23万元,自然湿地水文调节功能的价值最高,其次是固碳功能价值,水体净化功能的价值最低;人工湿地的物质生产功能的价值最高,水文调节功能的价值最低。由此推出,自然湿地的功能以生态服务为主,人工湿地的功能以生产服务为主。依据湿地生态系统服务功能的价值评价结果,对三汊河湿地的保护和利用提出建议,以期为湿地资源和功能的利用提供参考意见。     

Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City,China, and their Changes

The values of farmland ecosystem services are composed of several components: provisioning service value, regulating service value, supporting service value and cultural service value, so it is important to make a full assessment of the values of farmland ecosystem services for agriculture and farmland protection. Here, we assessed the values of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 by using various methods (market value method, carbon tax method, afforestation cost method, substitute cost method, equivalent factor method, etc.) based on establishing an assessment index system for the farmland ecosystem services value. The results show that the total yearly value of farmland ecosystem services increased from 499.74×10 ⁸ Yuan to 681.74×10 ⁸Yuan in the period of 1997-2017, and the yearly value of farmland ecosystem services per hectare increased from 6.57×10 ⁴ Yuan to 9.73×10 ⁴Yuan. The product provisioning service, carbon fixation service and oxygen release service, as well as the soil conservation service, are the main farmland ecosystem services, and the proportions of these four ecosystem service values to the total value of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City were large and kept increasing. Some countermeasures are put forward to adequately use the indirect service value of the farmland ecosystem and provide improved well-being for humans, such as protecting and wisely using farmland, developing agriculture that is rooted in local conditions, promoting agricultural production efficiency, speeding up construction of modern agriculture gardens, deepening the supply-side structural reform of agriculture, developing agricultural eco-tourism, etc.