欧洲高速铁路的发展历史与经济效应

本文回顾了欧洲高速铁路的发展历史,包括国家层面上的高铁网络如何发展和解决各种问题;在此基础上,介绍了高速铁路概念的变化,其目标在于为航空和短距离通勤提供补充性的服务;最后,介绍了高铁网络扩张过程中所面临的经济和评估问题,以及与欧盟的综合交通网络规划的关系。     

Investing in low-carbon transitions: energy finance as an adaptive market

The amount of capital required to transition energy systems to low-carbon futures is very large, yet analysis of energy systems change has been curiously quiet on the role of capital markets in financing energy transitions. This is surprising given the huge role finance and investment must play in facilitating transformative change. We argue this has been due to a lack of suitable theory to supplant neoclassical notions of capital markets and innovation finance. This research draws on the notion from Planetary economics: Energy, climate change and the three domains of sustainable development, by Grubb and colleagues, that planetary economics is defined by three ‘domains’, which describe behavioural, neoclassical, and evolutionary aspects of energy and climate policy analysis. We identify first- and second-domain theories of finance that are well established, but argue that third-domain approaches, relating to evolutionary systems change, have lacked a compatible theory of capital markets. Based on an analysis of electricity market reform and renewable energy finance in the UK, the ‘adaptive market hypothesis' is presented as a suitable framework with which to analyse energy systems finance. Armed with an understanding of financial markets as adaptive, scholars and policy makers can ask new questions about the role of capital markets in energy systems transitions.

Policy relevance

This article explores the role of financial markets in capitalising low-carbon energy systems and long-term change. The authors demonstrate that much energy and climate policy assumes financial markets are efficient, meaning they will reliably capitalise low-carbon transitions if a rational return is created by subsidy regimes or other market mechanisms. The authors show that the market for renewable energy finance does not conform to the efficient markets hypothesis, and is more in line with an ‘adaptive’ markets understanding. Climate and energy policy makers that design policy, strategy, and regulation on the assumption of efficient financial markets will not pay attention to structural and behavioural constraints on investment; they risk falling short of the investment levels needed for long-term systems change. In short, by thinking of financial markets as adaptive, the range of policy responses to enable low-carbon investment can be much broader.     

Reflections on Delhi

The ‘efficiency paradox’ has generated controversy and suggests that mainstream economics is not neutral in the way it deals with climate change. An alternative economic framework, evolutionary economics, is used to investigate this crucial issue and offer insights into the development of a complementary framework for designing climate policy and for managing the transition to a low-carbon society. The evolutionary framework allows us to identify the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e. at the individual level through ‘habits’ and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. To overcome ‘carbon lock-in’, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management) that specifically target those change-resisting factors, as they tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. A series of recommendations for policy-makers is provided.     

THE BENCHMARK LAND PRICE SYSTEM AND URBANLAND USE EFFICIENCY IN CHINA

IINTRODUCTION oppeople’s commune，peasants were asked tojolnpro－ductlon cooperation bydonatingthelrla侣e possessedBefore 1949，private land ownership existed and assets such asland and la吧e production materialsthatland transactions were quite active．A household’s had been distributed Inlandreform．The members ofawealth Is directly correlated with the amount of land It production cooperation collectlvelyown all its propeftlespossesses．Af…     

关于创建网络经济学的构想

网络经济的迅猛发展，不仅给全球的社会经济活动注入了新的活力，而且还赋予了经济理论工作者的建网络经济学的重任。实践正在热切地呼唤网络经济学的横空出发；在网络经济这一特研究领域里，客观存在着研究网络经济生产方工的特有矛盾，这为网络经济学的科学创立奠定了坚实的基础；由于网络经济既是一种覆盖全球的经济，又是一半随自身运行而产生若干新价值观念带许多新问题的经济。因此，对网络经济的研究应有其独特的方法。     

Marine Minerals in the Mexican Pacific: Toward Efficient Resource Management

Abstract

Vast reserves of marine minerals are known to occur within the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone. These reserves include: (1) heavy mineral placers rich in titanium and iron along the coast of San Antonio del Mar, Baja California and the southern States of Oaxaca and Guerrero; (2) phosphorites, which represent the only source for superphosphate fertilizers along the Pacific coast off the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of Tehuantepec; and (3) manganese oxide deposits in nodule and crusts located adjacent to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and containing high concentrations of Cu + Ni + Co (up to 1.9%), which are essential for the steel and super-alloy industries. Few but important efforts toward surveying these deposits have been carried out by Mexican and international researchers. Relevant data generated by these investigations are reviewed here and put together in a single document. Adequate knowledge of Mexican mineral resources is essential for the development of management strategies when offshore mining starts during this century. Thus, the review discusses the economics inherent to ocean mining in Mexico, setting baselines for future exploration and development activities in the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone.     

矿床数学经济模型的软件包功能及应用

文章介绍了自主研制的矿床数学经济模型软件包,完成了国内13个矿山的矿床数学经济模型研究,在技术上解决了矿山生产动态管理,矿山生产规划,生产方案与系统优化决策,资源的合理开发利用,矿床边部、深部找矿预测等问题,从而提高了矿业开发的社会经济效益.     

测绘进步推动经济发展的关联分析

总结了测绘技术的发展历程,就技术进步与投资模式转换、就业结构变化、价格结构变化、需求结构变化4个方面,从技术经济角度对测绘技术的进步与经济发展的关系进行了具体分析,并对测绘技术经济效益进行了综合分析,最后对下一步的努力方向提出设想。     

海洋生态经济学：内容、属性及学科构架

21世纪是海洋世纪,人类对海洋资源开发利用的重视程度达到前所未有的高度.如何在有效开发利用海洋资源和发展海洋经济时更好地保护海洋资源环境已成为沿海国家与地区的重要战略.因此,海洋生态经济研究已引起学术界和政府部门的普遍重视.构建海洋生态经济学学科体系,对海洋经济的稳定增长和持续发展具有十分重要的意义.在分析海洋生态经济学学科体系构建基点的基础上,从海洋生态经济学研究对象与研究内容、学科属性与学科关联、学科体系构架与主要分支学科等方面探讨了海洋生态经济学学科体系构建问题,指出海洋生态经济学研究中学科体系研究的范围和侧重方向,从理论与应用方面划分海洋生态经济学的二、三级分支学科体系,并进一步探讨了其发展趋势.     

The fiscal-geographic nexus: An overview of fiscal impact assessment in local policy development

Fiscal impact assessments exist to provide decision makers with the tools to make informed decisions regarding local government finances. Every type of change in a community will have a unique impact on the local economy. This impact cannot be evaluated without careful attention to the particular geographic setting of the study. Unfortunately, geography is currently underutilized in the practice of fiscal impact analysis. This paper argues that the increased application of geographic tools is a key to improving the accuracy of fiscal impact reports.