退牧（耕）还草（林）与甘肃的可持续发展

科学、有序地推进退牧（耕）还草（林）工程,不仅是甘肃生态建设可持续发展最基本的战略任务,而且是实现甘肃社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。本文从政策、管理、农牧户等方面分析了退牧（耕）还草（林）工程实施过程中存在的问题,提出了甘肃省退牧（耕）还草（林）建设要坚持创新性原则、贯彻协同性原则、体现科学性原则,突出地域性特征及建立有效的激励机制等总体思路和具体对策。     

我国沙尘暴发生日数的空间分布格局

根据全国近30 a的沙尘暴记录,运用分形分析得出,在不同的降水量区域,沙尘暴的发生规律明显不同。中国北方沙尘暴发生日数平均为4.4 d·a-1。年降水量≤305 mm的地区沙尘暴发生日数最多,平均为9.9 d·a-1,这是荒漠和半荒漠地区,主要是我国传统的畜牧区;305 mm<年降水量<570 mm的地区平均为4.0 d·a-1,这是草原区,主要是传统的农牧交错带。年降水量≥570 mm的地区为0.4 d·a-1,主要是我国的农耕区。305 mm<年降水量<570 mm的区域,沙尘暴发生的频率随降水的变化幅度最大,为4.1,年降水量≤305 mm地区,沙尘暴随降水的变化幅度最小,为0.3。分析认为,我国沙尘暴危害的防治需要构建牧区—农牧交错带—农区生态农业体系。     

Effects of water extraction in a vulnerable phreatic aquifer: Consequences for groundwater contamination by pesticides, Sint-Jansteen area, The Netherlands

Pesticides are a potential threat to the quality of extracted groundwater when the water-supply area is used for agricultural activities. This problem is discussed for the water-supply area of Sint-Jansteen, The Netherlands, where measured pesticide concentrations in the extracted water regularly exceed EU limits (0.1 μg/L). Groundwater samples taken from the aquifer within the water-supply area show low contamination, but samples taken from the extracted water occasionally contain pesticides, making the water inadequate for drinking-water purposes. The more intense contamination of the extracted water is caused by the change in the natural groundwater flow pattern near the extraction wells. In this area, pesticide use cannot be avoided easily, and an approach is given to differentiate pesticide use in the area according to expected travel time toward the wells and the chemical characteristics of the pesticides. A groundwater flow model for the area is developed and the effects of groundwater extraction on the natural flow pattern are evaluated. Using particle tracking, the travel-time zones are determined. Combining these results and the degradation behavior of certain pesticides led to an optimal scheme to integrate agricultural activities and groundwater extraction in the area. This is illustrated for five different types of pesticides (atrazine, simazine, bentazone, MCPA, and mecoprop). Received, October 1998/Revised, July 1999, September 1999/Accepted, November 1999     

Earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials on Byzantine monuments in Kiev

The study of the behaviour of historic buildings that have suffered from earthquakes has become a valuable tool for the understanding of earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials. Byzantine monuments of the 11–13th century in Kiev have been studied to provide insights into their effective dynamic properties facing severe earthquake history in the area. The recessed brickworks according to the “concealed course” construction technique of the St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century), the Church of St. Michael in the Vydubytskyi Monastery (11th century), the Tithe Church of the Assumption of the Virgin (10th century) and the Cathedral of Assumption of the Virgin (11th century) in the Monastery of the Caves (Pecherskyi monastery) in Kiev were studied and the material properties of bricks and lime mortars with ceramic fill were investigated (mechanical strength tests, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural analysis). The results show major similarities with those of the Byzantine monuments in Istanbul (Theodosian Walls and Hagia Sophia — 6–11th century construction phases), giving evidence of earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials allowing for continuous stresses and strains. Hence, didactics on proper restoration techniques and materials are deduced aiming at their present safety in the face of future earthquakes.     

一种能大量消耗粉煤灰的多孔材料的初步研究

以武汉青山热电厂的粉煤灰为原料制作多孔材料.其中的两种样品的孔隙率分别为45.8%和61%.该材料可作为一种消音和隔热材料用于高速公路和城乡建设, 从而大量消耗粉煤灰以达到保护环境的目的      

生态意识与可持续发展

生态意识是人们对生态环境的观点和看法,在全民中树立生态意识,以生态价值观念取代传统的人类价值观念,对于维护人类的生存和发展是非常必要的,为了人类的生存,人类必须理性地解决人与自然环境的关系,坚持可持续发展这一人类生存在最佳模式,可持续发展要求人类有责任尊重自然,充分重视自然界的生态平衡的自然界的整体性。可持续发展要求人类的思维观念、道德观念都发生根本的改变。能否实现可持续发展决定于人类生态意识的建     

青藏高原开发中的冻土问题

在国家决策西部大开发战略之际, 正确评价青藏高原开发中所面临的冻土问题, 为生态环境建设和国民经济持续稳定发展提供依据, 显得更为重要。多年冻土占据着青藏高原一半以上的疆土面积, 受全球气候变化和人为活动的共同影响, 在过去的几十年中已发生了不同程度的变化, 且随着人类活动增强, 变化必将加剧, 冻土问题也将显得日益突出。多年冻土的变化主要表现为多年冻土的地温升高、上限下降和面积缩减等, 进而影响到各类工程的地基稳定性, 使工程建筑受到不同程度的破坏;同时, 由于气候变化、过度放牧和工程活动的影响, 地面水热状况改变, 尤其是地表土壤层中水分含量的降低, 导致了草场退化, 生态环境恶化。在分析这些冻土问题原因的基础上, 作者预测了在未来开发中可能出现的冻土问题, 并提出了建议。     

蓝小公路边坡防护

蓝小公路的边坡防护方法从性质看可分为两类: 一是消除或削弱使边坡稳定性降低的各种应力因素; 二是直接削减推滑力及提高抗滑力。对某一特定边坡来说, 其治理方法依照“概念化设计, 信息化施工”的原则, 不断优化设计, 采取综合处理措施。文中对 K10和 K12两处规模较大的边坡防护处理方法进行了分析, 并对新型的防护系统 SNS网做了简要说明。      

山东省产业结构生态评价与循环经济模式构建思路

产业结构的生态评价和循环经济模式构建是实施区域可持续发展的重要途径。在判断山东省工业化发展阶段和产业结构特点的基础上,依据经济效益、环境承载力和资源效率三者相互关系建立了产业结构生态评价模型。通过辨识产业结构存在的问题,提出了在循环经济理念下产业结构调整的新思路和相应对策。     

城市生态环境形象设计的生态背景值研究

城市生态背景值包括自然生态背景值与人文生态背景值。城市生态背景值越高,城市生态环境形象建设与管理的成本就越低。通过城市生态背景值的相关因素分析与量化分等,在选择分析的中国14个特大城市中,生态背景值相差甚远。按综合分值分等,第一等空缺,第二等和第三等分别只有广州市和上海市,第四等有7个城市,第五等有3个城市,得分最低的第六等有兰州市和乌鲁木齐市。按自然生态背景值分值划分,第一等空缺,得分最高的第二等只有广州市,最低的第九等是乌鲁木齐市。按人文生态背景值分值划分,第一等空缺,第二等是北京市,其余为第三等和第四等。文章以城市生态背景值为依据,较为详细地分析了广州市何以在较短的时间内由一个"不适合居住"的城市变为"国际花园城市"的原因。