包兰铁路沙坡头段风沙运动规律及其与防护体系的相互作用

包兰铁路沙坡头段是穿越流动沙丘最长,受到风沙危害最为严重的路段,自建成运营45 a以来,其有效而稳定的防护体系受到世人的关注和公认。通过前期23 a的防沙实践和后期22 a的监测证实：①该地区存在着一个较为稳定的风沙流场,具有三组不同风向,主风向为W—NNW,次主风向为NE—E、WSW—S,此种风沙流场格局具有明显的季节变化,是塑造格状沙丘形态和造成对铁路危害的重要因素。②沙丘移动过程表现为格状沙丘主梁沿主风向前后摆动,以缓慢的速度向前推移,其移动量为2~5 m·a^-1,造成风沙危害的最直接的原因是格状沙丘副梁的迅速前移,22 a平均移动速度为0.527 m·a^-1。合成移动方向为318.6°(NW→SE )。③从理论上考虑,前移的沙体是一种对防护体系的潜在威胁,即可能在固沙带前缘形成高大的沙堤掩埋防护体系。可是,实际上随着防护体系的建立和逐步的完善,不但有效的保障铁路的安全,而且同时也抑制了年总输沙量的25%;并改变了风沙流场的某些性质或作用,进而控制了风沙活动的方向与活动强度。在迎风坡的风蚀和背风坡的积沙致使沙丘高度相应的降低,这种变化规律具有从流沙区向固沙区逐渐衰减的趋势。     

生态脆弱地区资源环境经济协调发展程度评价——以民勤地区为例

在分析生态脆弱地区“资源-环境-经济”系统特征的基础上,以民勤地区为例建立综合评价指标体系,引用协调发展程度计算模型,采用灰色系统方法对该地区过去及未来经济与环境协调发展程度进行计算并预测。结果表明,民勤地区资源\,环境与经济相互协调发展程度较低,其未来10 a协调发展程度呈下滑态势;从发展能力、协调能力、可持续能力三方面采取措施后,对主要影响因子重新预测后其协调发展程度呈上升趋势,最后提出民勤地区协调持续发展需要解决的问题。     

土钉基坑支护的空间效应研究

利用三维弹塑性模型研究了土钉基坑支护的空间效应,着重对深基坑工程中的阴角、阳角及分段分层开挖等问题进行了计算分析。结果表明,基坑的阴角能大大降低基坑位移和土钉轴力,其影响范围大于开挖深度,直立开挖面的阴角效应比放坡开挖面时的要大;阳角处的位移及土钉轴力明显增大,其影响范围延伸至3倍基坑开挖深度;分段分层开挖支护能充分利用土钉支护的空间效应,其影响范围接近于基坑开挖深度。     

钙华沉积机制的研究现状及展望

通过分析大量相关文献并结合作者近年来的工作成果,总结了四种钙华沉积模式: 泉水、河流障、湖泊以及沼泽钙华沉积;综合讨论了气候环境、水文地质条件、水体的物理化学性质、生物作用等因素对钙华沉积的影响。针对目前研究中存在的问题,作者认为今后的工作要从碳酸钙沉积反应的热力学、动力学和晶体生长等微观过程进行研究,从而更加全面地认识钙华沉积的机制,以便为钙华景观的科学保护提供理论基础。      

退牧（耕）还草（林）与甘肃的可持续发展

科学、有序地推进退牧（耕）还草（林）工程,不仅是甘肃生态建设可持续发展最基本的战略任务,而且是实现甘肃社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。本文从政策、管理、农牧户等方面分析了退牧（耕）还草（林）工程实施过程中存在的问题,提出了甘肃省退牧（耕）还草（林）建设要坚持创新性原则、贯彻协同性原则、体现科学性原则,突出地域性特征及建立有效的激励机制等总体思路和具体对策。     

我国沙尘暴发生日数的空间分布格局

根据全国近30 a的沙尘暴记录,运用分形分析得出,在不同的降水量区域,沙尘暴的发生规律明显不同。中国北方沙尘暴发生日数平均为4.4 d·a-1。年降水量≤305 mm的地区沙尘暴发生日数最多,平均为9.9 d·a-1,这是荒漠和半荒漠地区,主要是我国传统的畜牧区;305 mm<年降水量<570 mm的地区平均为4.0 d·a-1,这是草原区,主要是传统的农牧交错带。年降水量≥570 mm的地区为0.4 d·a-1,主要是我国的农耕区。305 mm<年降水量<570 mm的区域,沙尘暴发生的频率随降水的变化幅度最大,为4.1,年降水量≤305 mm地区,沙尘暴随降水的变化幅度最小,为0.3。分析认为,我国沙尘暴危害的防治需要构建牧区—农牧交错带—农区生态农业体系。     

Effects of water extraction in a vulnerable phreatic aquifer: Consequences for groundwater contamination by pesticides, Sint-Jansteen area, The Netherlands

Pesticides are a potential threat to the quality of extracted groundwater when the water-supply area is used for agricultural activities. This problem is discussed for the water-supply area of Sint-Jansteen, The Netherlands, where measured pesticide concentrations in the extracted water regularly exceed EU limits (0.1 μg/L). Groundwater samples taken from the aquifer within the water-supply area show low contamination, but samples taken from the extracted water occasionally contain pesticides, making the water inadequate for drinking-water purposes. The more intense contamination of the extracted water is caused by the change in the natural groundwater flow pattern near the extraction wells. In this area, pesticide use cannot be avoided easily, and an approach is given to differentiate pesticide use in the area according to expected travel time toward the wells and the chemical characteristics of the pesticides. A groundwater flow model for the area is developed and the effects of groundwater extraction on the natural flow pattern are evaluated. Using particle tracking, the travel-time zones are determined. Combining these results and the degradation behavior of certain pesticides led to an optimal scheme to integrate agricultural activities and groundwater extraction in the area. This is illustrated for five different types of pesticides (atrazine, simazine, bentazone, MCPA, and mecoprop). Received, October 1998/Revised, July 1999, September 1999/Accepted, November 1999     

Earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials on Byzantine monuments in Kiev

The study of the behaviour of historic buildings that have suffered from earthquakes has become a valuable tool for the understanding of earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials. Byzantine monuments of the 11–13th century in Kiev have been studied to provide insights into their effective dynamic properties facing severe earthquake history in the area. The recessed brickworks according to the “concealed course” construction technique of the St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century), the Church of St. Michael in the Vydubytskyi Monastery (11th century), the Tithe Church of the Assumption of the Virgin (10th century) and the Cathedral of Assumption of the Virgin (11th century) in the Monastery of the Caves (Pecherskyi monastery) in Kiev were studied and the material properties of bricks and lime mortars with ceramic fill were investigated (mechanical strength tests, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural analysis). The results show major similarities with those of the Byzantine monuments in Istanbul (Theodosian Walls and Hagia Sophia — 6–11th century construction phases), giving evidence of earthquake resistant construction techniques and materials allowing for continuous stresses and strains. Hence, didactics on proper restoration techniques and materials are deduced aiming at their present safety in the face of future earthquakes.     

一种能大量消耗粉煤灰的多孔材料的初步研究

以武汉青山热电厂的粉煤灰为原料制作多孔材料.其中的两种样品的孔隙率分别为45.8%和61%.该材料可作为一种消音和隔热材料用于高速公路和城乡建设, 从而大量消耗粉煤灰以达到保护环境的目的      

生态意识与可持续发展

生态意识是人们对生态环境的观点和看法,在全民中树立生态意识,以生态价值观念取代传统的人类价值观念,对于维护人类的生存和发展是非常必要的,为了人类的生存,人类必须理性地解决人与自然环境的关系,坚持可持续发展这一人类生存在最佳模式,可持续发展要求人类有责任尊重自然,充分重视自然界的生态平衡的自然界的整体性。可持续发展要求人类的思维观念、道德观念都发生根本的改变。能否实现可持续发展决定于人类生态意识的建